Table 1.
Neuropsychiatric sub-syndromes reported in patients with dementia.
| Reference | Sample/methods | Clusters |
|---|---|---|
| Devanand et al. (1992) | 106 AD patients (outpatient clinic) BSSD |
Disinhibition Apathy-indifference Dependency motor agitation Self-destructive behaviors |
| Hope et al. (1997) | 97 AD or VaD patients (community) PBE, PCA |
Overactivity: walking more, aimless walking, trailing or checking Aggressive behavior: aggressive resistance, physical aggression, verbal aggression and hostility Psychosis: hallucinations, persecutory ideas, anxiety |
| Harwood et al. (1998) | 151 AD patients (outpatient clinic) BEHAVE-AD, PCA |
Agitation/anxiety: agitation, anxiety of upcoming events, other anxiety Psychosis: delusions of theft, suspiciousness/paranoia, visual hallucinations Aggression: verbal aggression, physical treats/violence, fear of being left alone, other delusions Depression: tearfulness, depressed mood Activity disturbance: wandering, delusion one’s house is not one’s home |
| Frisoni et al. (1999) | 162 AD patients (hospital) NPI, PCA |
Mood syndrome Psychosis syndrome Frontal syndrome |
| Fuh et al. (2001) | 320 AD + 212 VaD patients (outpatient clinic) NPI, FA |
Mood and psychosis Psychomotor regulation Social engagement |
| Lyketsos et al. (2001) | 198 AD patients (community) NPI, LCA |
Minimally symptomatic Affective disturbance (depression, irritability, anxiety euphoria) Psychotic disturbance (delusions, hallucinations) |
| Aalten et al. (2003) | 199 dementia patients (outpatient clinic) NPI, PCA |
Hyperactivity: agitation, euphoria, irritability, disinhibition, aberrant motor behavior Mood/apathy: depression, apathy, sleep, appetite Psychosis: delusions, hallucinations, anxiety |
| Mirakhur et al. (2004) | 435 AD patients (outpatient clinic) NPI, PCA |
Affect: depression/dysphoria; anxiety; irritability; agitation/aggression Physical behavior: apathy; aberrant motor behavior; sleep disturbance; appetite/eating disturbance Psychosis: delusions; hallucinations Hypomania: disinhibition; elation/euphoria |
| Schreinzer et al. (2005) | 133 dementia patients (chronic care hospital) BEHAVE-AD, PCA |
Agitation Affective disturbance Altered circadian rhythms |
| Matsui et al. (2006) | 140 AD patients (outpatient clinic) NPI, FA |
Psychosis: delusions, hallucinations, anxiety, agitation, disinhibition, irritability, aberrant motor activity Mood: apathy, depression/euphoria Euphoria: euphoria |
| Hollingworth et al. (2006) | 1120 AD patients (community + nursing homes) NPI, PCA |
Behavioral dyscontrol: euphoria, disinhibition, aberrant motor behavior, sleep, appetite Psychosis: delusions, hallucinations Mood: depression, anxiety, apathy Agitation: irritability, aggression |
| Aalten et al. (2007)Aalten et al. (2008) | 2354/2808 AD patients (outpatient clinic) NPI, PCA |
Hyperactivity: agitation; euphoria; disinhibition; irritability; aberrant motor behavior Psychosis: delusions; hallucinations; night time behavior disturbance Affective symptoms: depression; anxiety Apathy: apathy; appetite/eating abnormalities |
| Zuidema et al. (2007) | 1437 dementia patients (nursing homes) NPI, FA |
GDS 4/5: Factor 1: agitation, disinhibition, irritability, delusions Factor 2: depression, anxiety, delusions, hallucinations, aberrant motor behavior, night time behavior Factor 3: apathy, eating disorders Factor 4: euphoria GDS 6 Factor 1: agitation, disinhibition, irritability, euphoria Factor 2: depression, anxiety Factor 3: delusions, hallucinations Factor 4: aberrant motor behavior, night-time behavior Factor 5: apathy, eating disorders GDS 7: Factor 1: agitation, irritability Factor 2: delusions, hallucinations, disinhibition Factor 3: depression, anxiety Factor 4: apathy, aberrant motor behavior Factor 5: night-time behavior, eating disorders |
| Dechamps et al. (2008) | 109 dementia patients (nursing homes) NPI, PCA |
Hyperactivity: agitation, euphoria, disinhibition and irritability Affective: depression, anxiety, and eating change Psychosis: delusions, apathy and aberrant motor behavior Hallucinations: hallucination and sleeping disturbances |
| Savva et al. (2009) | 587 AD patients (community) GMS, FA |
Factor 1: psychosis, apathy and wandering Factor 2: anxiety and depression Factor 3: irritability, persecution, agitation Factor 4: elated mood, sleep disorder, hallucinations, agitation and wandering |
| Kang et al. (2010) | 778 AD patients (hospital) NPI, FA (exploratory and confirmatory) |
Hyperactivity: agitation/aggression; disinhibition; irritability Affect: depression; anxiety Psychosis: delusions; hallucinations Apathy/vegetative symptoms: apathy; sleep; appetite |
| Prado-Jean et al. (2010) | 319 dementia patients (nursing homes) NPI, PCA |
Factor 1: disinhibition, irritability, agitation, anxiety Factor 2: sleep disorder, aberrant motor behavior, apathy Factor 3: Euphoria, hallucinations, delusions Factor 4: Appetite and eating |
| Garre-Olmo et al. (2010b) | 491 AD patients (outpatient clinic) NPI, FA (exploratory and confirmatory) |
Psychotic: hallucinations, delusions Affective: depression, anxiety, irritability, agitation Behavior: euphoria, disinhibition, apathy, aberrant motor behavior |
| Spalletta et al. (2010) | 1015 AD patients (outpatient clinic) NPI, PCA |
Psychomotor: agitation, irritability, aberrant motor behavior. Psychosis: delusions, hallucinations Affective: anxiety, depression Maniac: euphoria, disinhibition Apathetic: apathy |
| Selbæk and Engedal (2012) | 895 dementia patients (nursing homes) NPI, PCA |
Agitation: agitation, euphoria, disinhibition, irritability, aberrant motor behavior, night-time behavior Psychosis/affective: delusions, hallucinations, depression, anxiety Apathy/appetite: apathy, appetite |
AD, Alzheimer disease; BSSD, behavioral syndromes scale for dementia; GMS, geriatric mental state; LCA, latent class analysis; NPI, neuropsychiatric inventory; NPI-NH, neuropsychiatric inventory-nursing home version; PBE, present behavioral examination; PCA, principal component analysis; VaD, vascular dementia.