Table 6.
BPSD and structural changes in neuroimaging exams.
| Symptoms | Findings | References | Sample |
|---|---|---|---|
| Computerized tomography | |||
| Delusional misidentification | Right frontal and temporal atrophy | Förstl et al. (1994) | 56 AD patients |
| Magnetic resonance imaging | |||
| Depression | Decreased gray matter volume in right hippocampus and amygdala | Egger et al. (2008) | 14 AD patients |
| Apathy | Anterior cingulated gyrus, orbitofrontal, and frontosubcortical areas atrophy | Tunnard et al. (2011) | 111 AD patients |
| Bruen et al. (2008) | 31 mild AD patients | ||
| Massimo et al. (2009) | 40 FTLD patients | ||
| Delusions | Decreased GM volume in frontal, temporal, and limbic regions | Bruen et al. (2008) | 31 mild AD patients |
| Massimo et al. (2009) | 40 FTLD patients | ||
| Visual hallucinations | Lesions on visual cortex and association areas detected in MRI | Holroyd et al. (2000) | 14 AD patients |
| Agitation | Anterior cingulated cortex and left insula atrophy | Bruen et al. (2008) | 31 mild AD patients |
| Aggressive behavior | Amygdala atrophy | Poulin et al. (2011) | 264 AD patients |
| Disinhibition | Cingulate frontal cortex atrophy and medial orbital frontal cortex atrophy | Serra et al. (2010a) | 54 AD patients |
| Massimo et al. (2009) | 40 FTLD patients | ||
| Anxiety, sleep disorders, and aberrant motor behavior | Increased WMH volume | Berlow et al. (2010) | 37 AD patients |
AD, Alzheimer disease; FTLD, fronto-temporal lobar degeneration; GM, gray matter; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; WMH, white matter hyperintensities.