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Row 1: Oscillations, as functions of time, in key model variables when a sinusoidal perturbation is applied to input pressure. Results were obtained for at the loop bend (column A) and MD (column B). Sinusoidal, or approximately sinusoidal oscillations were obtained for tubular fluid pressure (row 1, columns A and B) and flow rate (row 2). Nonsinusoidal oscillations were obtained for transit times (row 3), and [Cl−] (row 4).
