Ceftriaxone treatment does not interfere with the generation of a protective immune response. (A) Ceftriaxone-treated mice are protected from gut inflammation. Mice which had been exposed to S. Typhimuriumatt and treated with PBS (control mice; open triangles) or ceftriaxone (black triangles) were analyzed in challenge infections. At day 39, animals were pretreated with ampicillin (20 mg orally) and challenged with wt S. Typhimurium (200 CFU orally) at day 40 p.i. Cecum inflammation was determined at 2 days postchallenge (a score of ≤3 indicates no inflammation; dashed line). (B) wt S. Typhimurium loads in the cecum content (black triangles), MLN (red triangles), and spleen (blue triangles). Dashed line, detection limit; black bars, median; ns, not significant.