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. 2012 May 7;7(5):e35992. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035992

Figure 4. Administration of harmless bacteria induces rapid tolerance to non-pathogenic and pathogenic gut bacteria.

Figure 4

A) Neutrophil infiltration in murine Peyer’s patches 3 h after the last of one, two, or three daily doses of probiotic EcN to BALB/c mice. Neutrophils numbers in control mice that received only PBS are also shown. Similar data were obtained in two independent experiments. B) Neutrophil accumulation in Peyer’s patches two days after oral infection with pathogenic Salmonella in wildtype C57BL/6 mice (B6) and mutant mice deficient in TLR2. One day before Salmonella infection, mice received PBS (open circles), or a single dose of live (filled circles) or formalin-fixed (filled triangles) EcN. Similar data were obtained in one independent experiment. C) Neutrophil accumulation in Peyer’s patches two days after oral infection with pathogenic Salmonella in BALB/c mice. One day before Salmonella infection, mice received PBS (open circles), or a single dose of avirulent live Salmonella aroA asd (filled circles). Pooled data from two independent experiments are shown. Significance of differences between groups was determined using t-test (***, P<0.001; **, P<0.01; *, P<0.05).