Table 2.
Study variables for ZIP code-days by state.
| Variable | CA (n = 1,474,920) | MA (n = 479,808) | NM (n = 24,480) | OR (n = 145,656) | WA (n = 259,488) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mortality counts (mean ± SD) | ||||||||||
| All cause | 0.40 ± 0.71 | 0.29 ± 0.61 | 0.45 ± 0.78 | 0.29 ± 0.61 | 0.30 ± 0.60 | |||||
| Cardiovascular | 0.16 ± 0.43 | 0.10 ± 0.34 | 0.15 ± 0.42 | 0.10 ± 0.33 | 0.11 ± 0.34 | |||||
| Respiratory | 0.04 ± 0.20 | 0.03 ± 0.18 | 0.05 ± 0.22 | 0.03 ± 0.16 | 0.03 ± 0.17 | |||||
| Hospitalization counts (mean ± SD) | ||||||||||
| Internal causes | 6.85 ± 6.75 | 4.88 ± 5.42 | 5.97 ± 5.63 | 3.65 ± 4.15 | 4.01 ± 3.77 | |||||
| Cardiovascular diseases | 1.90 ± 2.18 | 1.57 ± 2.01 | 1.23 ± 1.54 | 1.02 ± 1.43 | 1.09 ± 1.35 | |||||
| Respiratory diseases | 1.42 ± 1.77 | 1.15 ± 1.62 | 1.14 ± 1.44 | 0.72 ± 1.12 | 0.86 ± 1.15 | |||||
| Cerebrovascular disease | 0.35 ± 0.67 | 0.22 ± 0.52 | 0.23 ± 0.52 | 0.18 ± 0.46 | 0.18 ± 0.45 | |||||
| Electrolyte imbalance | 0.90 ± 1.27 | 0.61 ± 0.61 | 0.68 ± 1.01 | 0.45 ± 0.82 | 0.56 ± 0.88 | |||||
| Heat-related illnesses | 0.002 ± 0.05 | 0.001 ± 0.03 | 0.001 ± 0.03 | 0.001 ± 0.03 | 0.001 ± 0.02 | |||||
| Nephritis and nephritic syndrome | 0.38 ± 0.76 | 0.28 ± 0.28 | 0.06 ± 0.40 | 0.19 ± 0.50 | 0.22 ± 0.53 | |||||
| Acute renal failure | 0.20 ± 0.49 | 0.16 ± 0.44 | 0.13 ± 0.38 | 0.10 ± 0.34 | 0.12 ± 0.37 | |||||
| Exposure variables (%)a | ||||||||||
| Deviant days | 5.11 | 4.59 | 5.39 | 4.79 | 3.97 | |||||
| Extreme days | 5.39 | 5.88 | 6.20 | 5.47 | 5.50 | |||||
| Vulnerability variables (mean ± SD) | ||||||||||
| HVI (continuous) | 14.5 ± 1.74 | 13.3 ± 1.38 | 13.3 ± 1.20 | 13.9 ± 1.13 | 14.5 ± 1.58 | |||||
| Social/environmental (factor 1) | 3.49 ± 0.83 | 2.74 ± 0.68 | 3.25 ± 0.64 | 2.80 ± 0.48 | 2.85 ± 0.51 | |||||
| Social isolation (factor 2) | 2.99 ± 0.79 | 3.53 ± 0.69 | 3.68 ± 0.92 | 3.37 ± 0.60 | 3.39 ± 0.85 | |||||
| Air conditioning prevalence (factor 3) | 4.21 ± 1.14 | 4.01 ± 0.03 | 4.00 ± 0.00 | 5.00 ± 0.003 | 5.57 ± 0.77 | |||||
| Preexisting conditions (factor 4) | 3.83 ± 0.58 | 2.98 ± 0.69 | 2.40 ± 0.48 | 2.73 ± 0.59 | 2.67 ± 0.66 | |||||
| HVI (categorical) | 2.12 ± 0.81 | 1.57 ± 0.67 | 1.55 ± 0.59 | 1.82 ± 0.74 | 2.16 ± 0.78 | |||||
| Low (%) | 27.9 | 53.1 | 50.0 | 38.5 | 24.1 | |||||
| Middle (%) | 34.1 | 36.5 | 45.0 | 41.8 | 36.3 | |||||
| High (%) | 37.9 | 10.4 | 5.0 | 19.7 | 39.6 | |||||
| 8-hr ozone (ppm) | 0.05 ± 0.02 | 0.04 ± 0.02 | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | |||||
| Abbreviations: CA, California; MA, Massachusetts; NM, New Mexico; OR, Oregon; WA, Washington. aThe percentages for deviant days and extreme days by state can be > 5% because the temperature was equal to the 95th percentile value on many ZIP code-days. | ||||||||||