Table 5.
Associationsa between in utero exposure to PFOA and risk of being overweight or having waist circumference above action level II at 20 years of age for females (n = 345) and males (n = 320).
| PFOA in quartiles [median (range)]c | Overweight (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) [RR (95% CI)] | High waist circumferenceb [RR (95% CI)] | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cases/no. | Crude | Adjustedd | Cases/no. | Crude | Adjustedd | ||||||||
| Females | |||||||||||||
| 1 | 2.3 (0.1–2.8) | 10/91 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 9/91 | 1.00 | 1.0 | ||||||
| 2 | 3.3 (2.8–3.7) | 12/87 | 1.3 (0.6, 2.8) | 1.5 (0.6, 3.5) | 13/87 | 1.5 (0.7, 3.4) | 1.7 (0.7, 4.1) | ||||||
| 3 | 4.2 (3.7–4.8) | 15/81 | 1.7 (0.8, 3.5) | 2.0 (0.9, 4.7) | 10/81 | 1.2 (0.5, 2.9) | 1.3 (0.5, 3.2) | ||||||
| 4 | 5.8 (4.8–19.8) | 24/86 | 2.5 (1.3, 5.0) | 3.1 (1.4, 6.9) | 24/86 | 2.8 (1.4, 5.7) | 3.0 (1.3, 6.8) | ||||||
| p-Value for trende | 0.007 | 0.003 | 0.008 | 0.01 | |||||||||
| Malesf | |||||||||||||
| 1 | 2.3 (1.2–2.8) | 13/74 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1/74 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| 2 | 3.3 (2.8–3.7) | 17/81 | 1.2 (0.6, 2.3) | 1.2 (0.6, 2.6) | 4/81 | 3.7 (0.4, 32.0) | 6.1 (0.4, 90.0) | ||||||
| 3 | 4.3 (3.7–4.8) | 14/78 | 1.0 (0.5, 2.0) | 1.0 (0.4, 2.2) | 3/77 | 2.9 (0.3, 27.1) | 7.3 (0.4, 121.4) | ||||||
| 4 | 5.8 (4.8–16.6) | 16/87 | 1.0 (0.5, 2.0) | 1.1 (0.5, 2.6) | 3/86 | 2.6 (0.3, 24.3) | 13.3 (0.4, 298.9) | ||||||
| p-Value for trende | 0.97 | 0.89 | 0.60 | 0.11 | |||||||||
| aLog-Poisson regression with robust variance estimation, as implemented in PROC GENMODE in SAS. bWaist circumference > 88 cm for females and > 102 cm for males (Lean et al. 1995). cNanograms per milliliter serum. dAdjusted for maternal age, maternal education, maternal preprepregnancy BMI, smoking during pregnancy, parity, infant birth weight, and offspring age at follow-up. eChi-square test (Type III) with PFOA included in the regression model as an ordinal variable. fWaist circumference was missing for two male offspring (n = 318). | |||||||||||||