Table 2.
Summary of dual-labeled mAb agents for nuclear/NIRF imaging
| Target (agent) | Chelator | NIRF dye | Radionuclide | Reaction buffer | pH | Heating conditions | Dose prepared or administered | Optical stability (HPLC) | Spectral properties | Conclusions | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HER-2 (trastuzumab) | DTPA | IRDye 800CW | In-111 | 0.1 N NaOAc | NG | 25°C, 30 min | Prepared | NG | Absorption and fluorescence emissions were unaltered | • Showed statistical correlation between nuclear and optical imaging results | [23, 65] |
| • Amount: 3.3 nmol | • Delivery of a mAb-based multimodal agent into the lymphatics through intradermal injection | ||||||||||
| • Activity: 37 MBq | • Showed clearance from the regional lymphatic space after 24 h | ||||||||||
| Administered | • Confirmed the stability and feasibility of the agent for multimodal imaging | ||||||||||
| • Amount: 1 nmol | |||||||||||
| • Activity: 7.4 MBq | |||||||||||
| HER-1 (panitumumab) and HER-2 (trastuzumab) | DTPA | Modified ICG | In-111 | 0.15 M NH4OAc | 7 | 25°C, 1 h | Prepared | NG | Fluorescence intensity (quenching effects) | • Characterized molecular targets with activatable optical probes | [24] |
| • Amount: 667 pmol | • Visualized and quantified the delivery of targeted antibodies using radiolabeling | ||||||||||
| • Activity: 295 MBq | • Demonstrated concept of activatable optical probes with radioactive probes for measuring biological processes | ||||||||||
| Administered | |||||||||||
| • Amount 400 pmol | |||||||||||
| • Activity: 3.8 MBq | |||||||||||
| HER-2 (trastuzumab) | DTPA | IRDye 800CW | In-111 | 0.1 N NaOAc | NG | 25°C, 30 min | Prepared | NG | NG | • Provided a validated method for quality assurance to facilitate the translation of dual-labeled mAb conjugates for nuclear and optical imaging | [25] |
| • Amount: 3.3 nmol | • Findings may be applicable to other dye-conjugated mAb-based imaging agents in which HPLC assessment of purity is not feasible | ||||||||||
| • Activity: 37 MBq | |||||||||||
| Administered | |||||||||||
| • Amount: 430 pmol | |||||||||||
| • Activity: 7.4 MBq | |||||||||||
| HER-2 (trastuzumab) and EGFR (cetuximab) | DTPA | Cy5.5, Cy7 | In-111 | 0.15 M NH4OAc | 7 | 25°C, 30 min | Prepared | NG | NG | • Showed strong binding capabilities by fluorescent microscopy | [26] |
| • Amount: 333 pmol | • Synthetic approach to prepare tumor targeted dual modality imaging probe libraries was demonstrated | ||||||||||
| • Activity: 18.5–37 MBq | |||||||||||
| CD-20 (NuB2) | DOTA | Alexa Fluor 750 | Cu-64 | 3 M NaOAc | 6 | 40°C, 1 h | Administered | NG | Absorption and fluorescence emissions were unaltered | • Provided a dual-labeled mAb for PET/NIRF imaging | [27] |
| • Activity: 5–8 MBq | • Showed specificity for CD20+ tumors with biodistribution and multimodal imaging | ||||||||||
| • Provided evidence of statistically significant correlation between radioactivity and fluorescence intensity with PET | |||||||||||
| HER-2 (trastuzumab) | DOTA | IRDye 800CW | Cu-64 | 0.2 M NH4OAc | 5.5 | 50°C, 1 h | Administered | NG | NG | • Provided PET analog of trastuzumab for multimodal imaging | [28] |
| • Amount: 1 nmol | • Multimodal agent showed greater sensitivity in detection of metastases overexpressing HER-2 than FDG | ||||||||||
| • Activity: 5.6 MBq | |||||||||||
| EpCAM (mAb 9601) | DOTA | IRDye 800CW | Cu-64 | 0.1 N NaOAc | 6 | 40°C, 1 h | Prepared | NG | NG | • Showed strong correlation between rates of detecting LN metastases by NIRF imaging and PET/CT | [33] |
| • Amount: 667 pmol | • Radiolabel enables quantification, while the optical characteristics allow applications for image-guided resection of cancer-positive nodes during laparoscopy or at the time of radical prostatectomy | ||||||||||
| • Activity: 74 MBq | • Findings suggest non-invasive imaging may help improve PCa LN staging and surgical guidance | ||||||||||
| Administered | |||||||||||
| • Amount: 267–1,000 pmol | |||||||||||
| • Activity: 2.8–11.1 MBq |
NG not given