Table 1.
Hormones, growth factors, and other factors regulating beta-cell mass.
| Inhibitors | Stimulators | |
|---|---|---|
| Metabolites | Glucose, FFA | Glucose, FFA, amino acids |
| Cytokines | IL-1, IFN-g, TNF-a, leptin | GH, PRL, PL |
| Growth factor family | HGF | IGF-I, IGF-II, insulin, TGF-a, betacellulin, HB-EGF, aFGF, VEGF, PDGF, HGF |
| Placental hormones | placental lactogen, prolactin | |
| Glucagon family | GLP-1, GIP, glucagon | |
| Somatostatin family | Somatostatin | |
| CGRP family | IAPP/amylin | |
| Gastrin family | Gastrin, CCK | |
| TGF-b family | TGF-b, follistatin | Activin A |
| Neurotrophins | NGF, NT-3 | |
| Neurotransmitters | (Nor)epinephrine | Acetylcholine |
| Lectins | Reg/INGAP/PSP/PTP | |
| Adhesion molecules | Integrin a6b1, Cx43, Cx36 | |
| Drugs | Diazoxide | Nicotinamide, SU |
| Toxins | Streptozotocin, alloxan |
Modified from Nielsen et al. [29]. aFGF, acidic fibroblast growth factor; CCK, cholecystokinin; Cx. Connexin; HB-EGF, heparin-binding EGF-like protein; HGF, hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor; IAPP, islet amyloid polypeptide; IFN, interferon; IL, interleukin; INGAP, islet neogenesis- associated peptide; NGF, nerve growth factor; NT-3, neurotrophin-3; PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor; PSP, pancreatic stone protein; PTP, pancreatic thread protein; SU, sulfonylurea; TGF, transforming growth factor; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.