Table 1.

Alterations in the levels of markers of oxidative stress and of antioxidant enzymes in intestine biopsies, blood and urine from celiac subjects (↑ increase; ↓ decrease).

Intestine (intestinal biopsies)	↑ level of lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH)
	↓ reduced glutathione (GSH) levels
	↓ glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity
	↓ glutathione reductase (GR) activity
	↑ superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity
	↓ paraoxonase-1 (PON1) and paraoxonase-3 (PON3) expression
	↑ inducible-nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression
Blood (plasma and blood cells)	↑ lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH) level in plasma
	↑ thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances levels in plasma and lipoproteins
	↑ carbonyl groups levels in plasma
	↑ 8-hydroxyguanosine (8-oxodG) in DNA in leukocytes
	↑ NO metabolite levels plasma
	↑ nitrotyrosine levels in plasma
	↓ reduced glutathione levels in plasma
	↑ blood superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity
	↓ blood glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity
	↓ blood glutathione reductase (GR) activity
	↓ alpha-tocopherol levels in plasma and in erythrocytes
	↓ plasma ascorbic acid levels
	↓ plasma retinol levels
Urine	↑ 8-hydroxyguanosine (8-oxodG) in DNA metabolite levels