Table 4.
Determinants of sufficient total vitamin D intake (≥10 µg per day) vs. insufficient total vitamin D intake (<10 µg per day) (N = 58,763) *.
| Sufficient total vitamin D intake | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | OR (95% CI) crude | OR (95% CI) adjusted ** | P *** | ||
| Age | <0.0001 | ||||
| Age < 20 | 829 | 0.8 (0.7, 0.9) | 0.7 (0.6, 0.8) | ||
| 20 ≤ Age < 25 | 10,237 | 1.0 (1.0, 1.1) | 0.9 (0.9, 1.0) | ||
| 25 ≤ Age < 30 | 26,518 | 1.0 (ref.) | 1.0 (ref.) | ||
| 30 ≤ Age < 35 | 16,852 | 0.9 (0.9, 0.9) | 1.1 (1.0, 1.1) | ||
| 35 ≤ Age < 40 | 4053 | 0.9 (0.9, 1.0) | 1.2 (1.1, 1.3) | ||
| Age ≥ 40 | 274 | 1.1 (0.9, 1.4) | 1.4 (1.1, 1.8) | ||
| Pre-pregnancy BMI | 0.1 | ||||
| BMI ≤ 18.5 | 2463 | 1.1 (1.0, 1.2) | 1.1 (1.0, 1.2) | ||
| 18.5 < BMI ≤ 25 | 40,311 | 1.0 (ref.) | 1.0 (ref.) | ||
| 25 < BMI ≤ 30 | 11,334 | 1.0 (0.9, 1.0) | 1.0 (1.0, 1.1) | ||
| 25 < BMI ≤ 30 | 3394 | 1.0 (1.0, 1.1) | 1.1 (1.0, 1.2) | ||
| 25 < BMI ≤ 30 | 926 | 1.0 (0.8, 1.1) | 1.0 (0.9, 1.2) | ||
| BMI > 40 | 335 | 1.1 (0.9, 1.3) | 1.1 (0.9, 1.4) | ||
| Parity | <0.0001 | ||||
| 0 | 28,894 | 1.0 (ref.) | 1.0 (ref.) | ||
| 1 | 21,150 | 0.7 (0.7, 0.7) | 0.6 (0.6, 0.7) | ||
| 2 | 7194 | 0.6 (0.5, 0.6) | 0.5 (0.5, 0.5) | ||
| 3+ | 1525 | 0.5 (0.4, 0.6) | 0.4 (0.4, 0.5) | ||
| Civil status | 0.7 | ||||
| Single | 1006 | 0.9 (0.8, 1.1) | 1.0 (0.8, 1.1) | ||
| Coupled/married | 57,757 | 1.0 (ref.) | 1.0 (ref.) | ||
| Socio-occupational status | 0.6 | ||||
| High | 5818 | 1.0 (ref.) | 1.0 (ref.) | ||
| Medium | 17,196 | 1.0 (0.9, 1.1) | 1.0 (0.9, 1.1) | ||
| Skilled | 11,010 | 1.0 (0.9, 1.0) | 1.0 (0.9, 1.1) | ||
| Student | 5547 | 1.0 (0.9, 1.1) | 1.0 (0.9, 1.1) | ||
| Unskilled | 13,286 | 0.9 (0.9, 1.0) | 1.0 (0.9, 1.1) | ||
| Unemployed | 5906 | 0.9 (0.8, 0.9) | 1.0 (0.9, 1.1) | ||
| Physical activity | 0.6 | ||||
| Inactive | 36,171 | 1.0 (ref.) | 1.0 (ref.) | ||
| Light | 13,220 | 1.1 (1.0, 1.1) | 1.0 (1.0, 1.1) | ||
| Moderate | 8260 | 1.1 (1.0, 1.1) | 1.0 (0.9, 1.0) | ||
| Moderate | 1112 | 1.0 (0.9, 1.2) | 0.9 (0.8, 1.0) | ||
| Smoking during pregnancy | <0.0001 | ||||
| Nonsmoker | 44,561 | 1.0 (ref.) | 1.0 (ref.) | ||
| Occasional smoker | 7466 | 1.1 (1.0, 1.1) | 1.0 (1.0, 1.1) | ||
| <15 cigarettes per day | 5725 | 0.8 (0.8, 0.9) | 0.8 (0.8, 0.9) | ||
| >15 cigarettes per day | 1011 | 0.7 (0.6, 0.8) | 0.7 (0.6, 0.8) | ||
| Alcohol during pregnancy | 0.04 | ||||
| No | 23,466 | 1.0 (ref.) | 1.0 (ref.) | ||
| Yes | 35,297 | 1.0 (1.0, 1.1) | 1.0 (1.1) | ||
| Planned pregnancy | 0.03 | ||||
| Planned | 45,354 | 1.0 (ref.) | 1.0 (ref.) | ||
| Partly planned | 7350 | 0.9 (0.9, 0.9) | 0.9 (0.9, 1.0) | ||
| Not planned | 6059 | 0.9 (0.8, 0.9) | 1.0 (0.9, 1.0) | ||
| Season | <0.0001 | ||||
| Winter | 13,490 | 1.0 (ref.) | 1.0 (ref.) | ||
| Spring | 15,431 | 1.1 (1.0, 1.1) | 1.0 (1.0, 1.1) | ||
| Summer | 15,930 | 1.5 (1.4, 1.6) | 1.5 (1.4, 1.6) | ||
| Fall | 13,912 | 1.3 (1.2, 1.3) | 1.2 (1.2, 1.3) | ||
* Based on information from the food frequency questionnaire and DNBC interview 1 and 2; ** Adjusted for maternal age, pre-pregnancy BMI, parity, civil status, socio-occupational status, physical activity level, season of filling out the FFQ, smoking and alcohol use during pregnancy, total energy intake, planning of pregnancy; *** P-value for trend in the adjusted model.