Table 3.
Marine microbial extracts and their antiviral effects in viral adsorption inhibition assay.
| Extracts | Concentrations (μg/mL) | HSV-1 | VSV | Vaccinia | Poliovirus-1 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 62M(1) | 50 | - | - | - | - |
| 62P(1) | 50 | - | +++ | - | - |
| 226P(3) | 12.5 | ++ | - | - | - |
| 298M(1) | 50 | - | +++ | - | - |
| 298P(1) | 12.5 | - | ++ | - | - |
| 303M(2) | 100 | + | +++ | + | - |
| 397M(1) | 100 | - | - | - | - |
| 397P(1) | 6.25 | - | - | - | - |
| 456P(1) | 12.5 | - | - | - | - |
| 457M(1) | 25.0 | +++ | +++ | +++ | - |
| 457P(1) | 25.0 | +++ | +++ | +++ | - |
| 460M(1) | 25.0 | ++ | ++ | - | - |
| 474M(1) | 50.0 | + | +++ | ++ | - |
| 475M(1) | 100 | ++ | ++ | + | - |
| 476M(1) | 50.0 | ++ | +++ | ++ | - |
| 477P(1) | 100 | + | + | ++ | - |
| 478P(1) | 100 | +++ | + | +++ | - |
| 479M(1) | 6.25 | + | +++ | +++ | - |
| 482M(1) | 100 | +++ | +++ | +++ | - |
| 483P(1) | 100 | - | - | - | - |
| 485M(1) | 50.0 | ++ | ++ | ++ | - |
| 485P(1) | 50.0 | ++ | - | ++ | - |
| 492M(1) | 50.0 | +++ | ++ | ++ | - |
| 494M(1) | 50.0 | +++ | ++ | ++ | - |
| 495M(1) | 100 | - | - | - | - |
| 495P(1) | 25.0 | - | - | - | - |
| 496M(1) | 12.5 | ++ | +++ | ++ | - |
| 498M(1) | 6.25 | + | +++ | ++ | - |
-: no meaningful inhibition at subtoxic concentration; +: Slight inhibition (≥20% and <50%); ++: Moderate inhibition (≥50% and <80%); +++: High inhibition (≥80%). 50–100 PFU/mL of virus diluted solution in serum-free medium and equal volumes of the extract dilutions were placed in a tube and mixtures incubated at room temperature for 1 h. Serum-free medium without extract was used as a blank control. The samples were then placed on monolayers of Vero cells to absorb for 1 h at 37 °C. The inhibition efficiency was assessed by counting plaques. Then the ratio of inhibition efficiency was calculated compared to the blank control.