Table 1.

Clinical studies using image navigation for transendocardial cell delivery

Study authors (study name)	Catheter	Disease	Design	No. of patients	Cell type
(A) Electromechanical mapping
Krause et al. [39]	MyoStar™	Acute MI	Non-controlled	20	BM MNC
Gyöngyösi et al. [155] (MYSTARa)	MyoStar™	Acute and chronic MI	Randomised time comparison	30 early, 30 late	BM MNC
Briguori et al. [156]	MyoStar™	Chronic IHD	Non-controlled	10	BM MNC
Beeres et al. [157]	MyoStar™	Chronic IHD	Non-controlled	25	BM MNC
Fuchs et al. [158]	MyoStar™	Chronic IHD	Non-controlled	27	BMC
Losordo et al. [11]	MyoStar™	Chronic IHD	RDBPCT dose-escalation	18 Rx, 6 placebo	G-CSF + CD34+ cells
Tse et al. [159] (PROTECT-CAD)	MyoStar™	Chronic IHD	RBPCT dose-comparison	19 Rx, 9 placebo	BM MNC
van Ramshorst et al. [160]	MyoStar™	Chronic IHD	RDBPCT	25 Rx, 24 placebo	BM MNC
Perin et al. [38]	MyoStar™	Ischaemic CMP	NRCT	11 Rx, 9 control	BM MNC
Dib et al. [161] (CAuSMIC)	MyoStar™	Chronic MI/ischaemic CMP	RPCT dose-escalation	12 Rx, 11 placebo	SkM
(B) X-ray fluoroscopy
Ince et al. [29]	MyoCath™	Chronic MI/ischaemic CMP	Case-controlled	6 Rx, 6 control	SkM
Smits et al. [30]b	MyoStar™/MyoCath™	Chronic MI/ischaemic CMP	Non-controlled	15	SkM
de la Fuente et al. [31]	Helix™	Chronic MI/ischaemic CMP	Non-controlled	10	BM MNC
Duckers et al. [32] (SEISMIC)	MyoCath™	Ischaemic CMP	RCT	26 Rx, 14 control	SkM

BM bone marrow, BMC bone marrow cells, CMP cardiomyopathy, G-CSF granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, IHD ischaemic heart disease, MI myocardial infarct, MNC mononuclear cells, (N)RCT (non-)randomised controlled trial, R(DB)PCT randomised (double-blinded) placebo-controlled trial, Rx cell treatment, SkM skeletal myoblasts

MyoCath™ (Bioheart Inc., Sunrise, FL, USA) and Helix™ (Biocardia, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA)

^aMYSTAR study compared timing of delivery for combined intramyocardial and intracoronary routes

^bBoth types of catheters were used in this study, with their respective imaging modality for navigation