Figure 1.

Effects of chronic ALD on hepatic expression of insulin/IGF ligands and receptors, and IRS genes. RNA extracted from livers of control and chronic ALD subjects (N = 8/group) was reverse transcribed, and the cDNAs were used to measure gene expression by qPCR analysis. Graphs depict relative mRNA levels for (a) insulin, (b) insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1), (c) IGF-2, (d) insulin receptor (R), (e) IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R), (f) IGF-2R, (g) insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), (h) IRS-2, and (i) IRS-4. Intergroup comparisons were made using Student's t-tests. Significant P values are shown over the graphs.