Figure 5.

Percentage difference in gatekeeping arrangements (vs. free access) for visits to primary care physicians, to specialist physicians, and to the emergency department.

Notes: Dark grey bars indicate statistically significant results, grey bars indicate not statistically significant results, and white bars indicate the study did not report significance. Lack of bars indicates no difference at all. Studies are grouped according to level of evidence (GS: greatest suitability; MS: moderate suitability) and labelled with their quality assessment. PCP: Primary care physician. Multiple segments within a bar indicate results for subgroups, which may differ in their direction, magnitude, and statistical significance.