Table 1.
Characteristics of subjects according to presence of chronic kidney disease
| All (n = 9196) | CKD (–) (n = 8104) | CKD (+) (n = 1092) | p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years)a | 57.9 ± 5.1 | 57.6 ± 5.1 | 59.9 ± 5.2 | <0.001 |
| Estimated GFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)a | 73.1 ± 12.7 | 75.8 ± 10.9 | 53.7 ± 6.3 | <0.001 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL)a | 0.87 ± 1.89 | 0.83 ± 0.10 | 1.14 ± 0.37 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2)a | 23.7 ± 2.8 | 23.7 ± 2.8 | 24.2 ± 2.6 | <0.001 |
| CRP (mg/L)a | 0.12 ± 0.39 | 0.12 ± 0.35 | 0.17 ± 0.66 | <0.001 |
| HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 61.5 ± 16.1 | 61.9 ± 16.1 | 59.1 ± 16.0 | <0.001 |
| Hyper-LDL-cholesterolemia (%)b | 32.9 | 32.2 | 38.5 | <0.001 |
| Hypertension (%)b | 36.0 | 34.4 | 47.8 | <0.001 |
| Diabetes (%)b | 12.6 | 12.6 | 12.7 | 0.88 |
| Medication (%)b | ||||
| Treatment for cholesterolemia | 9.4 | 8.9 | 13.2 | <0.001 |
| Treatment for hypertension | 23.4 | 21.6 | 36.9 | <0.001 |
| Treatment for diabetes | 6.5 | 6.4 | 7.6 | 0.12 |
| Smoking history (%)b | <0.001 | |||
| Never smokers | 29.7 | 28.6 | 37.5 | |
| Former smokers | 42.2 | 41.7 | 46.1 | |
| Current smokers | 28.1 | 29.7 | 16.4 | |
| Frequency of drinking alcohol (%)b | <0.001 | |||
| Nondrinkers | 23.5 | 22.6 | 30.4 | |
| 1–2 days/week | 11.2 | 11.2 | 11.5 | |
| 3–4 days/week | 10.8 | 10.8 | 10.9 | |
| 5–6 days/week | 12.9 | 12.7 | 14.1 | |
| Everyday drinkers | 41.6 | 42.7 | 33.1 | |
| Regular physical activity (%)b | 38.6 | 37.4 | 47.4 | <0.001 |
Values are mean ± SD or participants in that category
CKD chronic kidney disease, GFR glomerular filtration rate, BMI body mass index, CRP C-reactive protein, HDL high-density lipoprotein, LDL low-density lipoprotein
aStudent’s t test
bMann–Whitney U test