Table 2.

Characteristics of subjects according to frequency of drinking alcohol

	Nondrinkers (n = 2161)	1–2 days/week (n = 1030)	3–4 days/week (n = 997)	5–6 days/week (n = 1187)	Everyday drinkers (n = 3821)	p-Value
Age (years)A	58.0 ± 5.2	57.5 ± 5.2	57.5 ± 5.0a	57.9 ± 5.3	58.0 ± 5.1c	<0.05
Estimated GFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)A	71.2 ± 12.7	71.5 ± 11.6	72.6 ± 12.1a	73.2 ± 12.9a,b	74.8 ± 12.7a,b,c,d	<0.001
Creatinine (mg/dL)A	0.89 ± 0.28	0.88 ± 0.18	0.87 ± 0.15a	0.87 ± 0.15a	0.84 ± 0.13a,b,c,d	<0.001
BMI (kg/m2)A	23.9 ± 3.1	23.9 ± 2.8	23.9 ± 2.7	23.8 ± 2.7	23.5 ± 2.7a,b,c	<0.001
CRP (mg/L)A	0.14 ± 0.43	0.13 ± 0.41	0.12 ± 0.36	0.13 ± 0.45	0.11 ± 0.36	0.30
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)A	56.1 ± 14.2	58.5 ± 14.9a	62.1 ± 15.1a,b	63.1 ± 16.1a,b	65.0 ± 16.6a,b,c,d	<0.001
Hyper-LDL-cholesterolemia (%)B	41.8	38.0	32.8a	31.8a,b	27.0a,b,c,d	<0.001
Hypertension (%)B	30.0	31.4	36.3a	40.7a,b	39.2a,b	<0.001
Diabetes (%)B	13.6	11.7	13.0	13.3	11.9	0.30
Chronic kidney disease (%)B	15.4	12.2	11.9	13.0	9.4a,b,d	<0.001
Medication
Treatment for cholesterolemia (%)B	11.2	11.3	10.1	9.9	7.5a,b,c,d	<0.001
Treatment for hypertension (%)B	20.2	20.2	24.1	25.8a,b	25.2a,b	<0.001
Treatment for diabetes (%)B	7.7	7.2	7.6	6.6	5.3a,c	<0.05
Smoking history (%)B
Never smokers	35.9	39.4a	35.8	31.7b	21.3a,b,c,d	<0.001
Former smokers	37.6	41.2	42.1	44.5	44.4
Current smokers	26.5	19.4	22.1	23.8	34.3
Regular physical activity (%)B	37.1	38.3	44.1a,b	46.1a,b	35.7c,d	<0.001

Values are mean ± SD

CKD chronic kidney disease, GFR glomerular filtration rate, BMI body mass index, CRP C-reactive protein, HDL high-density lipoprotein, LDL low-density lipoprotein

^AAnalysis of variance and post hoc Tukey test

^BKruskal–Wallis test and post hoc Bonferroni adjustment

p-Values for analysis of variance or Kruskal–Wallis test. ^ap < 0.05 compared with nondrinkers, ^bp < 0.05 compared with 1–2 days/week, ^cp < 0.05 compared with 3–4 days/week, ^dp < 0.05 compared with 5–6 days/week by post hoc Tukey test