Table 3.

Summarization of reported humeral rotation values, applied instrumentation, and stabilization techniques for baseball players

Manuscript	Study design	Subjects	Time of measurement	Internal rotation (°)	External rotation (°)	Instrument	Stabilization
Dwelly et al. [7]	Prospective	29 collegiate pitchers and position players	Pre- and post-Spring	Pre: 48 ± 9 Post: 46 ± 10	Pre: 104 ± 17 Post: 107 ± 20	Inclinometer	Table stabilized scapula and visual inspection
Freehill et al. [10]	Retrospective	21 professional baseball pitchers	First 2 weeks of spring training and final home stand of regular season	Pre: 71 ± 12 Post: 74 ± 13	Pre: 125 ± 20 Post: 126 ± 22	Bubble goniometer	Posterior-directed force to anterior shoulder and visual inspection
Reinold et al. [22]	Prospective	67 professional baseball pitchers	First 2 days of spring training (pre-, postthrow, and 24 hours later)	Pre: 54 ± 11 Post: 45 ± 12 24 hours: 47 ± 10	Pre: 137 ± 10 Post: 135 ± 9 24 hours: 137 ± 9	Bubble goniometer	Table stabilized scapula and visual inspection
Wilk et al. [26]	Retrospective	122 professional baseball pitchers	Spring training physical examinations	48 ± 11	136 ± 11	Bubble goniometer	Coracoid and scapular body
Current study	Prospective	45 professional baseball pitchers	5 weeks into spring training during exhibition competition (pre-, postthrow, 24–72 hours later)	Pre: 19 ± 10 Post: 12 ± 6 24 hours: 13 ± 6 48 hours: 14 ± 8 72 hours: 12 ± 7	Pre: 129 ± 15 Post: 133 ± 14 24 hours: 133 ± 13 48 hours: 133 ± 11 72 hours: 128 ± 11	Bubble goniometer	Coracoid and scapular body