Table 1.
Mean ± standard deviation of demographic, clinical and neuropsychological characteristics of patients and controls1,2
| Lewy Body Spectrum Disorder |
DLB/PDD subgroup |
PD subgroup |
Controls | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (male/female) | 20/ 9 | 7 / 2 | 13 / 7 | 7/19 |
| Age (yrs) | 71.1 ±7.9 | 75.1 ±6.2 | 69.2 ±8.1 | 69.7 ±7.5 |
| Education (yrs) | 15.2 ±2.8 | 14.8 ±2.4 | 15.4 ±3.1 | 15.4 ±2.8 |
| MMSE (max=30) | 26.3 ±3.3** | 22.2 ±2.7** | 28.1 ±1.3* | 29.1 ±1.2 (13) |
| Disease duration (yrs) | 6.4 ±2.8 | 6.8 ±2.3 | 6.2 ±3.1 | -- |
| Levadopa equivalent dose |
570 ±407 (26) | 439 ±407 | 639 ±4023 (17) | -- |
| UPDRS total motor score |
24.8 ±9.1 (26) | 26.3 ±9.0 | 23.9 ±9.3 (17) | -- |
| Hoehn & Yahr stage | 2.4 ±0.6 (26) | 2.8 ±0.4 | 2.3 ±0.6(17) | -- |
|
Executive function Executive composite3 |
-1.33 ±1.35 | -2.70 ±0.30 | -.72 ±1.17 | -- |
| Category fluency (animals) |
14.6 ±7.0** | 7.8 ±2.9** | 17.6 ±6.0* | 22.3 ±5.1 (12) |
| Trails B time | 134 ±45 | 178 ±7** | 114 ±41 | 108 ±43 (10) |
| Reverse digit span | 4.48±1.55 | 2.89±.78** | 5.20±1.24 | 5.44±1.59 (9) |
| Letter-guided fluency (FAS) |
34.2 ±15.1* | 22.4 ±9.1** | 39.4 ±14.3 | 43.8 ±9.8 (10) |
|
Semantics Comprehension: Boston Naming Test (% correct) |
89.3 ±9.8 | 81.0 ±11.6 | 93.0 ±6.2 | 91.90 ±11.8 (10) |
| Expression: Open class words (%) |
41.0 ±3.6 | 40.1 ±5.0 | 41.4 ±2.9 | 42.8 ±3.1 |
|
Grammaticality Comprehension: Complex sentences |
36.8 ±8.3** (16) | 28.7 ±6.4** (6) | 41.6 ±4.9*(9) | 46.0 ±1.2 (5) |
| Expression: Composite grammar score (max=2)4 |
1.24 ±.21* | 1.16 ±.27 | 1.27 ±.17 | 1.38 ±.22 |
NOTES
Pairwise statistical differences between groups: * differs from controls, p<.05; ** differs from controls, p<.01. Since not all participants were available for testing on all neuropsychological measures, and because of technical limitations in recovering some demographic and clinical features, we provide in parentheses the numbers of participants for which each characteristic was ascertained if fewer than the total number in the group.
For all statistically significant comparisons of DLB/PDD patients to Controls, the effect size is “medium” or “large” (Cohen’s d > 0.7). For all statistically significant comparisons of LBSD and PD patients to Controls, the effect size is “small” or “medium” (Cohen’s d ranges from 0.3 to 0.7).
The composite score of executive function was constructed by averaging the Z-scores of category naming fluency and time to complete Trails B.
The composite score of grammatical expression was derived by summing the proportions of well-formed sentences and utterances containing complex structures.