Table 1.

Comparison of cardiac structural parameters as revealed by echocardiography in rats ($\bar{x}\pm s$).

Group	N	LAD (mm)	IVSTd (mm)	IVSTs (mm)	LVPWTd (mm)	LVPWTs (mm)	LVDd (mm)	LVDs (mm)
sham	10	3.31 ± 0.15	1.22 ± 0.19	1.36 ± 0.20	2.13 ± 0.33	2.67 ± 0.33	5.79 ± 0.74	4.21 ± 0.64
HF	9	4.22 ± 0.23***	0.68 ± 0.14***	0.90 ± 0.17***	2.03 ± 0.32	2.58 ± 0.30	9.79 ± 0.66***	8.91 ± 0.71***
HF + CAP	11	4.42 ± 0.22***	0.66 ± 0.14***	0.91 ± 0.13***	1.88 ± 0.23	2.44 ± 0.27	10.28 ± 0.69***	9.18 ± 0.64***
HF + VAD	10	4.31 ± 0.30***	0.72 ± 0.13***	0.96 ± 0.12***	2.87 ± 0.33	2.48 ± 0.3	9.91 ± 0.71***	8.59 ± 0.63***

Notes: ***compared to the sham group, P < 0.001; HF = heart failure; CAP = captopril; VAD = velvet antler of deer.