Table 4.

Risk of osteoporotic fracture in current AD drug users compared with controls, by stage of disease

	Fracture, n	Age-/sex-adj. HR (95 % CI)	Fully adj. HR (95 % CI)a
No diabetes	44,031	1	1
Current AD drug use	13,989	1.21 (1.18–1.23)	1.14 (1.12–1.16)
By stage of disease
Stage 1: current use of biguanide or sulfonyluerum	8,866	1.23 (1.20–1.26)b,c	1.15 (1.13–1.18)b,c
Stage 2: current use of biguanide and sulfonyluerum	2,222	1.01 (0.97–1.05)d	1.00 (0.96–1.04)d,e
Stage 3: current use of TZDf	116	1.20 (1.00–1.44)	1.27 (1.06–1.52)
Stage 4: current use of insuling	2,419	1.37 (1.32–1.43)	1.25 (1.20–1.31)
Unclassified stages	366	1.14 (1.03–1.26)	1.11 (1.00–1.23)

TZD thiazolidinedione, AD antidiabetic, adj adjusted, HR hazard ratio, CI confidence interval

^aAdjusted for age; gender; use of statins, antipsychotics, antidepressants, or opioids in the previous 6 months; history of fracture; diabetic retinopathy; congestive heart failure; and cerebrovascular disease

^bStatistically significant difference (p < 0.05) between current AD users in stage 1 and current AD users in stage 2, based on Wald test

^cStatistically significant difference (p < 0.05) between current AD users in stage 1 and current AD users in stage 4, based on Wald test

^dStatistically significant difference (p < 0.05) between current AD users in stage 2 and current AD users in stage 4, based on Wald test

^eStatistically significant difference (p < 0.05) between current AD users in stage 2 and current AD users in stage 3, based on Wald test

^fRegardless of comedication

^gRegardless of comedication and not exposed to TZDs