TABLE 1.
Characteristics of participants according to plain-water consumption1
| Characteristics | Plain-water consumption2 |
||||
| <1 cup/d | 1 cup/d | 2–3 cups/d | 4–5 cups/d | ≥6 cups/d | |
| Participants (n) | 17,524 | 11,820 | 25,707 | 15,422 | 12,429 |
| Age (y) | 36.1 ± 4.7 | 36.3 ± 4.6 | 36.1 ± 4.6 | 36.1 ± 4.7 | 36.1 ± 4.7 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.0 ± 5.1 | 23.9 ± 4.8 | 24.3 ± 5.1 | 24.8 ± 5.2 | 25.4 ± 5.5 |
| Physical activity (MET-h/wk)3 | 17.3 ± 24.4 | 18.2 ± 25.2 | 20.2 ± 26.0 | 23.1 ± 28.4 | 28.0 ± 32.3 |
| Family history of diabetes (%) | 33.2 | 33.2 | 32.9 | 33.9 | 34.9 |
| Postmenopausal women (%) | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 3.5 |
| Postmenopausal hormone use (%) | 4.4 | 4.1 | 4.3 | 4.5 | 5.0 |
| Oral contraceptive use (%) | 12.0 | 10.6 | 11.1 | 10.4 | 10.0 |
| History of hypertension (%) | 5.3 | 4.7 | 5.8 | 6.3 | 7.3 |
| History of hypercholesterolemia (%) | 14.4 | 13.3 | 13.8 | 14.0 | 15.3 |
| Current smoker (%) | 16.6 | 13.4 | 11.5 | 9.2 | 9.1 |
| Race [white (%)] | 96.1 | 97.5 | 97.1 | 96.1 | 96.0 |
| Alcohol consumption (g/d) | 2.9 ± 6.0 | 3.3 ± 6.2 | 3.3 ± 6.0 | 3.2 ± 6.2 | 3.0 ± 6.0 |
| Total calorie intake (kcal/d) | 1677 ± 544 | 1769 ± 538 | 1812 ± 536 | 1843 ± 547 | 1829 ± 554 |
| Alternative Healthy Eating Index score | 29.4 ± 8.4 | 30.8 ± 8.4 | 32.9 ± 8.8 | 35.1 ± 9.2 | 37.8 ± 9.9 |
| Whole-grain intake (servings/d) | 1.02 ± 0.97 | 1.20 ± 1.02 | 1.40 ± 1.12 | 1.56 ± 1.20 | 1.71 ± 1.35 |
| Regular-grain intake (servings/d) | 1.45 ± 0.95 | 1.57 ± 1.00 | 1.57 ± 0.98 | 1.57 ± 0.99 | 1.54 ± 1.00 |
| Red- or processed-meat intake (servings/d) | 0.97 ± 0.66 | 0.99 ± 0.66 | 0.97 ± 0.64 | 0.92 ± 0.64 | 0.82 ± 0.65 |
| Fish intake (servings/d) | 0.25 ± 0.25 | 0.25 ± 0.23 | 0.28 ± 0.25 | 0.32 ± 0.29 | 0.36 ± 0.36 |
| Vegetable intake (servings/d) | 2.64 ± 1.69 | 2.87 ± 1.73 | 3.15 ± 1.80 | 3.52 ± 1.99 | 4.09 ± 2.56 |
| Fruit intake (servings/d) | 0.92 ± 0.81 | 1.01 ± 0.81 | 1.17 ± 0.87 | 1.37 ± 0.97 | 1.61 ± 1.17 |
| Tea (cups/d) | 0.68 ± 1.17 | 0.77 ± 1.14 | 0.72 ± 1.09 | 0.66 ± 1.08 | 0.61 ± 1.12 |
| Coffee (cups/d) | 1.52 ± 1.74 | 1.59 ± 1.67 | 1.56 ± 1.64 | 1.52 ± 1.65 | 1.52 ± 1.72 |
| Milk (cups/d) | 0.90 ± 0.97 | 1.00 ± 0.96 | 1.12 ± 1.02 | 1.19 ± 1.07 | 1.11 ± 1.11 |
| Fruit juice (cups/d) | 0.60 ± 0.78 | 0.69 ± 0.79 | 0.74 ± 0.81 | 0.76 ± 0.83 | 0.69 ± 0.83 |
| Sugar-sweetened beverage (servings/d) | 0.62 ± 1.04 | 0.60 ± 0.95 | 0.48 ± 0.80 | 0.38 ± 0.69 | 0.25 ± 0.60 |
| Artificially sweetened beverage (servings/d) | 1.23 ± 1.68 | 1.13 ± 1.47 | 0.98 ± 1.30 | 0.86 ± 1.22 | 0.87 ± 1.31 |
| Total beverages (servings/d) | 5.88 ± 2.55 | 6.79 ± 2.39 | 8.09 ± 2.42 | 9.87 ± 2.55 | 11.15 ± 2.77 |
1
Mean ± SD (all such values) or percentage.
2
One cup = 240 mL.
3
MET-h, metabolic equivalent task hours.