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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2012 Jan 28;64(12):1189–1204. doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.01.012

Figure 9.

Figure 9

General pathways affecting bone anabolism and cross talk between osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Most notably, PGE levels affect BMP-2 levels and vice versa, however, each contributes to bone anabolism by independent signaling pathways. Statins upregulate both BMP-2 and PGE through independent pathways. PGE and PTH1-34 upregulate cAMP however, stimulation of EP2 or EP4 by PGE will also trigger MAPK cascades. Not shown, PTH1-34 affects calcium levels in the body by regulating resorption in the kidneys and intestine. Wnt plays a critical role in bone turnover by production of osteoprotegerin and therefore inhibition of RANKL-RANK interactions. Also of note, COX-2 represents basic components PGE production rather than upregulation of COX-2 enzyme.