Lumenal retinoids from bile or diet imprint LP DCs with ALDH activity. To evaluate the relevant source of retinoids imprinting LP DCs with ALDH activity, we evaluated LP DC ALDH activity in mice receiving a sham surgery or common bile duct ligation (BDL) on vitamin A deficient (VAD) diets or control diets. A: Mice on the control diet receiving BDL, mice on a VAD diet receiving a sham surgery, and mice on a VAD diet receiving BDL had a significant decrease in the population of ALDH + LP DCs. B: Removal of either biliary and/or dietary retinoids resulted in a trend toward decreased LP DC ALDH activity, as determined by the mean fluorescence intensity. C: Removal of lumenal bile resulted in trend toward a decrease in the LP DC population, which became significant when both bile and dietary vitamin A were removed. *P < 0.05. ns = not significant. n = 3 or more mice in each group for A and C, n = 2 mice in each group for B. Data are representative of one of two experiments. VAC, Vitamin A control.