Figure 4. Mechanism–– Relative contributions of the climbing and deflecting effects of mountains, showing the summer precipitation rate (color shading, unit mm·d^–1) and streamlines at the σ = 0.89 level for a, the CON experiment; b, the IPTP_M experiment; c, the HIM experiment; and d, the HIM_M experiment.

Dashed contours surround elevations higher than 1,500 m and 3,000 m, with red and black colors respectively indicating with and without surface sensible heating of the mountains. Dark blue open arrows denote the main atmospheric flows impinging on the TP, either climbing up the plateau (a and c) or moving around the plateau, parallel to orographic contours (b and d).