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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2012 May 10.
Published in final edited form as: Metabolism. 2008 Oct;57(10):1328–1339. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2008.01.036

Figure 8.

Figure 8

Proposed mechanism for fatty acid-mediated modulation of endothelial cell activation induced by TNFα. Omega-6 or omega-3 fatty acids can differentially modulate TNFα-induced up-regulation of caveolin-1 and the activation of TNFR-1 mediated signaling pathway, which includes induction of oxidative stress (ROS), p38 MAPK, NF-κB and COX-2. TNF-α induced cell signaling and PGE2 production are further enhanced by linoleic acid but blocked by α-linolenic acid. Finally, targeted knockdown of caveolin-1 completely abrogates TNF-α-induced PGE2 production, indicating that caveolin-1 plays a mechanistic role in TNF-α-induced endothelial cell activation and modification by dietary fatty acids.