Table 1.
Selected characteristics of study cohort at baseline
| Characteristic | Current Use | Nonuse | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of unique individuals | 150,359 | 292,839 | ||
| Number of membership periodsa | 152,852 | 293,749 | ||
| Median year of cohort entry | 2003 | 2003 | ||
| Person-years during follow-upb | 107,322 | 533,540 | ||
| Demographics | ||||
| Median age in years (interquartile range) | 42 | 34–49 | 42 | 34–49 |
| Male sex (%) | 70,245 | 46.0% | 135,002 | 46.0% |
| Medicaid enrollment (%) | 14,786 | 9.7% | 29,171 | 9.9% |
| ADHD Medication | ||||
| Amphetamines | 57,824 | 37.8% | 0 | 0% |
| Methylphenidate | 70,923 | 46.4% | 0 | 0% |
| Atomoxetine | 19,283 | 12.6% | 0 | 0% |
| Pemoline | 3,973 | 2.6% | 0 | 0% |
| Multiple | 849 | 0.6% | 0 | 0% |
| Cardiovascular disease within past yearc | ||||
| Acute myocardial infarction | 340 | 0.2% | 689 | 0.2% |
| Ischemia | 3,998 | 2.6% | 6,857 | 2.3% |
| Coronary revascularization | 253 | 0.2% | 643 | 0.2% |
| Congestive heart failure | 1,112 | 0.7% | 1,759 | 0.6% |
| Arrhythmia | 3,560 | 2.3% | 5,076 | 1.7% |
| Stroke/transient ischemic attack | 1,826 | 1.2% | 2,075 | 0.7% |
| Congenital heart disorder | 331 | 0.2% | 556 | 0.2% |
| Coronary artery anomaly | 66 | 0.0% | 89 | 0.0% |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 1,225 | 0.8% | 1,651 | 0.6% |
| Hypertension | 22,562 | 14.8% | 39,011 | 13.3% |
| Hyperlipidemiad | 28,613 | 18.7% | 42,601 | 14.5% |
| Mental health claims within past year | ||||
| ADHD | 46,356 | 30.3% | 455 | 0.2% |
| Major depression | 61,417 | 40.2% | 23,296 | 7.9% |
| Bipolar disorder | 11,196 | 7.3% | 2,682 | 0.9% |
| Anxiety | 30,472 | 19.9% | 15,670 | 5.3% |
| Psychotic disorders | 2,494 | 1.6% | 1,833 | 0.6% |
| Other selected medical conditions within past year | ||||
| Diabetes d | 8,972 | 5.9% | 15,862 | 5.4% |
| Obesity | 9,119 | 6.0% | 11,439 | 3.9% |
| Smoking | 11,579 | 7.6% | 14,717 | 5.0% |
| Alcohol/substance abuse | 7,965 | 5.2% | 4,514 | 1.5% |
| Suicide attempt | 795 | 0.5% | 410 | 0.1% |
| Injury | 30,655 | 20.1% | 37,559 | 12.8% |
| Seizure | 3,062 | 2.0% | 2,854 | 1.0% |
| Asthma | 11,627 | 7.6% | 12,432 | 4.2% |
| Use of cardiovascular drug within past yearc | ||||
| Loop diuretic | 4,328 | 2.8% | 4,932 | 1.7% |
| Digoxin | 587 | 0.4% | 1,130 | 0.4% |
| Nitrates | 1,941 | 1.3% | 3,298 | 1.1% |
| Anticoagulant | 1,768 | 1.2% | 2,421 | 0.8% |
| Platelet inhibitor | 996 | 0.7% | 1,675 | 0.6% |
| Anti-arrhythmic agents | 556 | 0.4% | 631 | 0.2% |
| ACE inhibitor | 10,719 | 7.0% | 19,796 | 6.7% |
| Angiotensin receptor blocker | 3,652 | 2.4% | 5,988 | 2.0% |
| Beta-blocker | 12,431 | 8.1% | 19,091 | 6.5% |
| Calcium-channel blocker | 7,028 | 4.6% | 12,233 | 4.2% |
| Thiazide diuretic | 12,471 | 8.2% | 20,008 | 6.8% |
| Other antihypertensive | 1,668 | 1.1% | 2,192 | 0.7% |
| Use of psychotropic medications within past year | ||||
| Antipsychotic, any | 14,618 | 9.6% | 5,371 | 1.8% |
| Tricyclic antidepressant | 14,224 | 9.3% | 9,907 | 3.4% |
| Antidepressants, other or SSRI/SNRI | 81,639 | 53.4% | 36,962 | 12.6% |
| Benzodiazepines | 43,695 | 28.6% | 25,956 | 8.8% |
| Lithium | 4,177 | 2.7% | 1,002 | 0.3% |
| Modafinil | 4,732 | 3.1% | 383 | 0.1% |
| Insomnia medications | 15,270 | 10.0% | 6,732 | 2.3% |
| Thioridazine | 307 | 0.2% | 181 | 0.1% |
| Mood stabilizers, without seizure | 22,426 | 14.7% | 8,631 | 2.9% |
| Clonidine/guanfacine, without hypertension | 2,000 | 1.3% | 659 | 0.2% |
| Use of other selected medications within past year | ||||
| Beta-agonist | 18,971 | 12.4% | 20,835 | 7.1% |
| Epinephrine | 1,342 | 0.9% | 1,274 | 0.4% |
| Asthma medications, other | 39,645 | 25.9% | 45,102 | 15.4% |
| Seizure medications, any | 24,139 | 15.8% | 10,397 | 3.5% |
| Theophylline compounds (asthma med) | 960 | 0.6% | 1,200 | 0.4% |
| COX-2 inhibitors | 10,666 | 7.0% | 10,838 | 3.7% |
| Other drugs to improve blood flow | 216 | 0.1% | 250 | 0.1% |
| Clonidine | 2,602 | 1.7% | 1,787 | 0.6% |
| pde5 inhibitors | 5,183 | 3.4% | 4,504 | 1.5% |
| Triptans | 7,164 | 4.7% | 5,298 | 1.8% |
| Oral contraceptives | 18,379 | 12.0% | 28,590 | 9.7% |
| Hormones, menopausal | 18,026 | 11.8% | 23,388 | 8.0% |
| Utilization within past year | ||||
| Cardiovascular visits | ||||
| Emergency, 1+ | 5,728 | 3.7% | 7,697 | 2.6% |
| Inpatient, 1+ | 6,022 | 3.9% | 7,130 | 2.4% |
| Physician, 1–4 | 43,474 | 28.4% | 65,256 | 22.2% |
| Physician, 5+ | 13,242 | 8.7% | 17,713 | 6.0% |
| Psychiatric visitse | ||||
| Emergency, 1+ | 4,417 | 2.9% | 2,897 | 1.0% |
| Inpatient, 1+ | 7,761 | 5.1% | 3,827 | 1.3% |
| Physician, 1–4 | 43,538 | 28.5% | 26,703 | 9.1% |
| Physician, 5+ | 40,176 | 26.3% | 11,048 | 3.8% |
| Other visits | ||||
| Emergency, 1+ | 7,885 | 5.2% | 9,594 | 3.3% |
| Inpatient, 1+ | 5,812 | 3.8% | 5,595 | 1.9% |
| Physician, 1+ | 55,386 | 36.2% | 69,134 | 23.5% |
| Number of different medicationsf | ||||
| 1 | 24,309 | 15.9% | 61,193 | 20.8% |
| 2+ | 108,955 | 71.3% | 116,680 | 39.7% |
Abbreviations: ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; SSRI, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors; SNRI, serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors; COX, cyclooxygenase; pde5, phosphodiesterase type 5
a
Percents are based on membership periods. There were 299 indeterminate and former users at baseline.
b
Follow-up time based on combined endpoint (MI, SCD, or stroke).
c
Including medications
d
Variables used to define history of CVD for subgroup analyses in Figure 2.
e
Excluding ADHD visits
f
Excluding ADHD medications
All variables in table included in CRS, except demographics and ADHD