Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of individuals stratified by their EFa
| EF <30% (N = 51) | EF 30–50% (N = 194) | EF >50% (N = 405) | P for trend | |
| Age (years) | 69 ± 9 | 68 ± 10 | 68 ± 11 | 0.4 |
| Race (Black) | 11 (22) | 33 (17) | 105 (26) | 0.06 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.9 ± 4.9 | 29.3 ± 5.2 | 29.6 ± 6.1 | 0.2 |
| Active smoking | 5 (11) | 42 (24) | 115 (29) | 0.007 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 134.3 ± 20.2 | 145.7 ± 26.2 | 146.7 ± 26.0 | 0.051 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 71.1 ± 13.1 | 70.8 ± 16.1 | 69.2 ± 15.7 | 0.4 |
| Charlson comorbidity index | 2.9 ± 1.3 | 3.0 ± 1.8 | 2.4 ± 1.7 | 0.001 |
| DM | 34 (67) | 125 (65) | 238 (59) | 0.1 |
| CAD | 32 (63) | 119 (62) | 183 (46) | <0.001 |
| CVA | 7 (14) | 22 (11) | 67 (17) | 0.16 |
| PVD | 19 (37) | 52 (27) | 102 (25) | 0.13 |
| LVH | 13 (25) | 56 (29) | 209 (52) | <0.001 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 24 (47) | 92 (47) | 204 (51) | 0.4 |
| Malignancy | 6 (12) | 27 (14) | 85 (21) | 0.017 |
| Liver disease | 3 (6) | 6 (3) | 27 (7) | 0.3 |
| Pulmonary disease | 16 (31) | 40 (21) | 95 (24) | 0.7 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73m2) | 37.7 ± 17.2 | 37.2 ± 23.0 | 36.6 ± 20.1 | 0.7 |
| Serum albumin (g/dL) | 3.3 ± 0.7 | 3.4 ± 0.6 | 3.5 ± 0.7 | 0.13 |
| Serum cholesterol (mg/dL) | 163 ± 54 | 181 ± 49 | 187 ± 55 | 0.006 |
| Serum calcium (mg/dL) | 9.1 ± 0.6 | 9.0 ± 0.7 | 9.03 ± 0.68 | 0.9 |
| Serum phosphorus (mg/dL) | 4.1 ± 1.5 | 3.9 ± 1.0 | 3.9 ± 1.0 | 0.3 |
| Blood Hgb (g/dL) | 12.4 ± 2.0 | 12.1 ± 2.1 | 12.2 ± 2.1 | 0.8 |
| Blood WBC (1000/mm3) | 7.8 ± 3.4 | 8.0 ± 3.1 | 8.4 ± 4.3 | 0.16 |
| Blood lymphocytes (% WBC) | 23.6 ± 25.7 | 20.2±9.4 | 22.2±15.5 | 0.7 |
| Bicarbonate (mmol/L) | 26.4 ± 4.2 | 25.8 ± 4.2 | 25.6 ± 4.0 | 0.2 |
| Proteinuria (mg/24 h) | 500 (329–760) | 925 (738–1158) | 968 (835–1123) | 0.02 |
| Statin use | 19 (37) | 98 (51) | 182 (45) | 0.9 |
| ACEI/ARB use | 41 (80) | 128 (66) | 245 (61) | 0.007 |
| ASA use | 30 (59) | 107 (55) | 199 (49) | 0.09 |
| Beta blocker use | 27 (53) | 103 (53) | 208 (51) | 0.7 |
a
Data are presented as means ± SD, number (% of total) or geometric means (95% CI). BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; DM, diabetes mellitus; CVA, cerebrovascular accident; PVD, peripheral vascular disease; eGFR, estimated GFR; Hgb, haemoglobin; ASA, amino salicylic acid. Comparisons were made by chi-square test for linear trend.