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. 2012 Mar 16;2(1):57–68. doi: 10.1159/000336710

Table 5.

Significant associations between the use of psychotropics or other drugs with CNS effects and change in cognitive functioning (MMSE) during a 7.6-year follow-up, by gender and age

Medication Age Baseline MMSE MMSE at follow-up Change in MMSE
users controls p users controls users controls p for diff. adjusted p
n mean ± SD n mean ± SD mean ± SD2 mean ± SD2
BZD1 75+ 8 20.9 ± 2.8 11 21.1 ± 3.3 0.729 12.3 ± 7.6 17.8 ± 5.6 −8.6 ± 7.0 −3.3 ± 5.6 0.116 0.015
BZD2 75+ 8 20.9 ± 2.8 22 17.9 ± 7.5 0.532 12.3 ± 7.6 15.6 ± 8.4 −8.6 ± 7.0 −2.3 ± 5.9 0.027 0.002
Any psychotropic drug2 (AP, BZD, AD) 75+ 12 16.9 ± 8.0 18 19.9 ± 5.5 0.318 11.0 ± 8.7 17.2 ± 7.0 −5.9 ± 7.0 −2.7 ± 6.4 0.309 0.037
BZD and

  • AP1

 65+ 1 23 27 21.5 ± 2.9 0.415 7 20.1 ± 7.2 −16 −1.4 ± 7.8 0.137 0.038

  • AD1

 75+ 3 18.7 ± 3.8 11 21.1 ± 3.3 0.371 8.0 ± 1.7 17.8 ± 5.6 −10.7 ± 4.7 −3.2 ± 5.6 0.085 0.021

  • Any drug with CNS effects1

 65+ 5 20.0 ± 3.3 27 21.5 ± 2.9 0.329 10.4 ± 10.5 20.1 ± 7.2 −9.6 ± 9.9 −1.4 ± 7.8 0.101 0.038

  • ACh1

 75+ 2 18.6 ± 3.5 11 21.1 ± 3.3 0.184 3.5 ± 4.9 17.8 ± 5.6 −15.0 ± 8.5 −3.3 ± 5.6 0.059 0.042

  • Any drug with CNS effects1

 75+ 4 19.3 ± 3.3 11 21.1 ± 3.3 0.279 6.0 ± 4.4 17.8 ± 5.6 −13.3 ± 6.5 −3.3 ± 5.6 0.031 0.003

  • Any drug with CNS effects2

 65+ 5 20.0 ± 3.3 47 20.0 ± 5.7 0.603 10.4 ± 10.5 18.7 ± 8.3 −9.6 ± 9.9 −1.3 ± 7.2 0.064 0.045

  • Any drug with CNS effects2

 75+ 4 19.3 ± 3.3 26 18.6 ± 7.0 0.573 6.0 ± 4.4 16.0 ± 7.8 −13.3 ± 6.5 −2.6 ± 5.6 0.009 0.001

p = p value for difference in MMSE at baseline between users and controls; p for diff. = p value for difference of change in MMSE between users and controls; adjusted p = p value for difference of change in MMSE between users and controls adjusted for confounding variables (age).

1 Control group: no medication with effects on CNS.

2 Control group: non-users of corresponding medications.