Table 5.
Medication | Age | Baseline MMSE | MMSE at follow-up | Change in MMSE | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
users | controls | p | users | controls | users | controls | p for diff. | adjusted p | ||||
n | mean ± SD | n | mean ± SD | mean ± SD2 | mean ± SD2 | |||||||
BZD1 | 75+ | 8 | 20.9 ± 2.8 | 11 | 21.1 ± 3.3 | 0.729 | 12.3 ± 7.6 | 17.8 ± 5.6 | −8.6 ± 7.0 | −3.3 ± 5.6 | 0.116 | 0.015 |
BZD2 | 75+ | 8 | 20.9 ± 2.8 | 22 | 17.9 ± 7.5 | 0.532 | 12.3 ± 7.6 | 15.6 ± 8.4 | −8.6 ± 7.0 | −2.3 ± 5.9 | 0.027 | 0.002 |
Any psychotropic drug2 (AP, BZD, AD) | 75+ | 12 | 16.9 ± 8.0 | 18 | 19.9 ± 5.5 | 0.318 | 11.0 ± 8.7 | 17.2 ± 7.0 | −5.9 ± 7.0 | −2.7 ± 6.4 | 0.309 | 0.037 |
BZD and | ||||||||||||
|
65+ | 1 | 23 | 27 | 21.5 ± 2.9 | 0.415 | 7 | 20.1 ± 7.2 | −16 | −1.4 ± 7.8 | 0.137 | 0.038 |
|
75+ | 3 | 18.7 ± 3.8 | 11 | 21.1 ± 3.3 | 0.371 | 8.0 ± 1.7 | 17.8 ± 5.6 | −10.7 ± 4.7 | −3.2 ± 5.6 | 0.085 | 0.021 |
|
65+ | 5 | 20.0 ± 3.3 | 27 | 21.5 ± 2.9 | 0.329 | 10.4 ± 10.5 | 20.1 ± 7.2 | −9.6 ± 9.9 | −1.4 ± 7.8 | 0.101 | 0.038 |
|
75+ | 2 | 18.6 ± 3.5 | 11 | 21.1 ± 3.3 | 0.184 | 3.5 ± 4.9 | 17.8 ± 5.6 | −15.0 ± 8.5 | −3.3 ± 5.6 | 0.059 | 0.042 |
|
75+ | 4 | 19.3 ± 3.3 | 11 | 21.1 ± 3.3 | 0.279 | 6.0 ± 4.4 | 17.8 ± 5.6 | −13.3 ± 6.5 | −3.3 ± 5.6 | 0.031 | 0.003 |
|
65+ | 5 | 20.0 ± 3.3 | 47 | 20.0 ± 5.7 | 0.603 | 10.4 ± 10.5 | 18.7 ± 8.3 | −9.6 ± 9.9 | −1.3 ± 7.2 | 0.064 | 0.045 |
|
75+ | 4 | 19.3 ± 3.3 | 26 | 18.6 ± 7.0 | 0.573 | 6.0 ± 4.4 | 16.0 ± 7.8 | −13.3 ± 6.5 | −2.6 ± 5.6 | 0.009 | 0.001 |
p = p value for difference in MMSE at baseline between users and controls; p for diff. = p value for difference of change in MMSE between users and controls; adjusted p = p value for difference of change in MMSE between users and controls adjusted for confounding variables (age).
1 Control group: no medication with effects on CNS.
2 Control group: non-users of corresponding medications.