Table 17.
Preventive non-pharmacological treatments for migraine
| Treatment | Level of evidence | Scientific strength of evidence | Clinical effectiveness | Adverse events | Level of recommendation | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Biofeedback | A | ++ | ++ | – | I | [408, 409, 431, 432] |
| Relaxation | C | 0/+ | + | – | III | [433, 434] |
| Cognitive-behavioural treatment | – | – | + | – | IV | [435–437] |
| Sleep | C | ++ | + | – | III | [429, 438] |
| Chiropractic osteopathy | C | 0/+ | + | – | III | [419, 422, 439–441] |
| Physiotherapy | C | + | + | – | III | [442–444] |
| Acupuncture | A | ++ | + | Rare | II | [445] |
| Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) | – | – | ? | – | IV | [442] |
| Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) | C | + | + | Rare | III | [428, 446] |
| Physical activity | – | – | ? | – | IV | [447] |
| Anaesthetic blockade | C | ? | ? | Rare | IV | [407] |
| Diet | – | – | ? | – | IV | [448] |
| Orthodontic and gnathological techniques | C | + | + | – | IV | [422, 449] |
| PFO Closure | C | ++ | ? | Rare, severe | III | [411, 412] |
| Occipital nerve stimulation | C | – | ? | Rare | [450] | |
| Trigger points deafferentation | – | – | ? | – | IV | [451] |
PFO patent foramen ovale closure