Table 2.

Baseline measurement (M1) of primary and secondary outcome measures. Data are expressed as mean (SD) values

Outcome measures	Acupuncture (n=56)	Massage (n=60)	Sham laser (n=61)
Pain related to motion (VAS)	54.15 (21.91)	54.71 (23.46)	57.15 (26.71)
Range of motion (degrees)*	277.9 (52.5)	287.8 (50.3)	286.5 (49.2)
Pain related to direction (VAS)†	33.87 (16.06)	34.88 (19.55)	35.82 (21.10)
Pressure pain threshold (kg/cm2)‡	1.07 (0.57)	1.07 (0.58)	1.05 (0.57)
Health related quality of life (SF-36)§:
Role physical	46.50 (41.65)	41.82 (36.61)	39.04 (42.26)
Pain index	38.82 (17.38)	36.70 (17.06)	39.21 (17.21)

VAS=visual analogue scale. 

^*For analyses of range of motion, data of six movement directions were added for each patient. 

^†Range 0-100. Scores for six movement directions averaged for each patient (score also includes less painful movement directions). 

^‡Measurements on individual maximum point. Results for three other sites were similar. 

^§Only two of eight scales showed limitations. Range of scores is 0-100; 0 indicates maximum limitation.