Fig. 3.

Reported DDR-initiated signaling pathways in cancer cells. Solid lines indicate direct interactions or effects. Dashed lines represent indirect interactions or effects that are mediated through one or more intermediate steps. Unknown interactions (direct or indirect) are indicated with a question mark. Arrows pointing to DDRs indicate pathways involved in DDR activation and arrows pointing away from DDRs indicate pathways triggered by activated DDRs. Activated DDRs are indicated with a yellow star. The red box depicts processes that are suppressed by DDR signaling. The green box depicts processes that are promoted by DDRs. The orange box depicts processes that are either suppressed or promoted by DDR signaling under different contexts. The grey box depicts processes that are associated with DDR expression/function but the signaling pathways or mechanisms activated by DDRs in these processes have not been worked out yet. Some DDR1 interactions, e.g. with Nck1/2, SHP-2 and Csk, are not shown since downstream signaling pathways triggered by these interactions are unknown in the context of cancer.