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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: Econ J (London). 2012 Apr 12;122(560):418–448. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-0297.2012.02499.x

Table 5.

2SLS Estimates of the Effect of Education on Cognitive Abilities.

Males Females
Age < 16 h = 1 h = 2 h = 3 h = 1 h = 2 h = 3
Memory .597 *
(.346)		 .511 **
(.227)		 .434 **
(.187)		 .512
(.341)		 .521 *
(.274)		 .352 *
(.193)
Exec. func. .635 *
(.357)		 .547 **
(.223)		 .371 **
(.185)		 −.100
(.389)		 .020
(.300)		 .093
(.210)
N 431 928 1400 491 968 1435
Age < 19
Memory .504
(.872)		 .267
(.299)		 .174
(.309)		 .359 *
(.214)		 .213
(.190)		 .220
(.147)
Exec. func. 1.085
(1.470)		 .512
(.327)		 .236
(.309)		 −.052
(.229)		 −.047
(.207)		 .008
(.160)
N 636 1258 1860 718 1424 2163

Notes. Table reports 2SLS estimates of the effect of schooling on cognitive test scores. Columns denote the bandwidth selection h from 1 to 3 years. Rows indicate two different sample selection: (a) conditional on leaving before the age of 19; (b) conditional on leaving before the age of 16. All regressions include: a linear function of month of birth and its interaction with the reform dummy; controls for adult height and for survey year. The standard error in parenthesis are robust to heteroskedasticity and clustered at individual level. Significance levels:

(*)

p-values between 10 and 5 percent;

(**)

p-values between 5 and 1 percent;

(***)

p-values less than 1 percent.