Table 1.
Disease and conditions associated with pneumatosis intestinalis
| Pulmonary | Autoimmune and systemic | Drug induced |
|---|---|---|
| Asthma | Lupus variants | Corticosteroids |
| COPD | Polymyositis | Chemotherapeutic agents |
| Emphysema | Dermatomyositis | Lactulose |
| Bronchitis | Polyarteritis nodosa | Sorbitol |
| Pulmonary fibrosis | Scleroderma | Glucosidase inhibitor |
| Cystic fibrosis | Sacroidose | Chloral hydrate |
| Celiac sprue | ||
| Gastrointestinal | Infectious | Organtransplantation |
| IBD | HIV and AIDS | Bone marrow e.g. for leukemia |
| Diverticulitis | Virus (CMV, rota-, adeno-, varicella- | Kidney, Lung, Liver |
| Colitis incl. toxic variants and | zoster virus) | Graft versus host |
| clostridium difficile | Candida albicans | |
| Enteritis incl. bacteriel, virus, fungal and atypical forms | Mycobacterium tuberculosis | |
| Toxic megacolon | Iatrogenic | Vascular |
| Appendicitis | Blunt abdominal trauma | Mesenteric vascular disease |
| Intestinal obstruction, pseudo- | Endoscopy | Intestinal infarction and ischemia |
| obstruction, volvulus | Postsurgical intestinal anastomosis | |
| Bowel stenosis incl. pyloric | Jenunoileal bypass | Idiopathic (primary) |
| stenosis | Barium enema | |
| Adynamic ileus | Enteric tube placement | |
| Carcinoma | PEEP ventilation | |
| Peptic ulcer | ||
| Celiac sprue |
COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; IBD, Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis; HIV and AIDS, human immunodificiency virus and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; positive end-exparatory pressure, PEEP