Table 3.
Biomarkers and their applications
| Biomarker type | Uses | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Chlorophyll content Zea mays L. | Detection of level of hydrocarbon contamination of agricultural soil | [11] |
|
| ||
| Sensitivity of Nitrobacter sp. | Based on the effect of crude oil on oxidation of nitrite to nitrate | [41] |
|
| ||
| Azotobacter sp. | Used in evaluating the effect of oil spill in aquatic environment | [42] |
|
| ||
| Algae/plant steranes and bacteria hopanes | Steranes formed as components of crude oil and hopanes used to determine the source rock that generated a crude oil | [43] |
|
| ||
| Ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) in fish in vivo | Indicates exposure of fish to planar-halogenated hydrocarbons (PAHs) by receptor-mediated induction of cytochrome P-450-dependent monooxygenase exposed to PAHs and similar contaminants | [44, 45] |