Figure 3.

Developmental time (age at pupation) of individuals as a function of their own status (first symbol) and of the infection status of their competitor (second symbol). For example, +/− refers to the case where we are interested in the developmental time of infected individuals when in competition with healthy uninfected individuals. The closed arrow (ii) indicates what is commonly measured as the direct cost of infection. The two open arrows, (i) and (iii), indicate the indirect costs of competition (re-drawn from Bedhomme et al. 2005).