Table 3. Multivariate analysis on factors associated with late ART initiation (CD4 count <100 cells/µL or WHO stage IV) stratified by patient gender and adjusting for clustering.a .
| Characteristics | Overall AOR | Women AOR | Men AOR | |||
| (95%CI) | (95%CI) | (95%CI) | ||||
| (N = 36,411) | (N = 22,680) | (N = 13,731) | ||||
| Patient-level characteristics | ||||||
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 1 | |||||
| Female (not pregnant at ART initiation) | 0.66 | (0.62–0.69) | 1 | - | - | |
| Female (pregnant at ART initiation) | 0.38 | (0.31–0.47) | 0.60 | (0.49–0.73) | - | - |
| Age (years) | ||||||
| 15–25 | 0.86 | (0.79–0.94) | 0.90 | (0.81–0.99) | 0.72 | (0.61–0.87) |
| 26–30 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| 31–35 | 0.96 | (0.89–1.0) | 0.96 | (0.89–1.0) | 0.93 | (0.83–1.0) |
| 35–40 | 0.97 | (0.90–1.0) | 0.96 | (0.88–1.1) | 0.94 | (0.84–1.1) |
| 41–45 | 0.91 | (0.84–0.99) | 0.88 | (0.79–0.97) | 0.92 | (0.81–1.0) |
| >45 | 0.72 | (0.67–0.77) | 0.74 | (0.68–0.82) | 0.66 | (0.59–0.74) |
| Point of entry | ||||||
| VCT | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| PMTCT | 0.42 | (0.35–0.50) | 0.42 | (0.35–0.50) | 0.69 | (0.36–1.3) |
| TB/HIV | 1.2 | (0.98–1.6) | 1.4 | (1.0–2.0) | 1.1 | (0.79–1.5) |
| Inpatient | 1.4 | (1.3–1.6) | 1.5 | (1.3–1.7) | 1.3 | (1.1–1.5) |
| Outpatients | 0.97 | (0.86–1.1) | 1.1 | (0.94–1.3) | 0.84 | (0.70–0.99) |
| Otherb | 1.0 | (0.86–1.1) | 1.0 | (0.94–1.3) | 0.88 | (0.79–0.97) |
| Missing | 1.1 | (0.97–1.2) | 1.1 | (0.99–1.3) | 1.0 | (0.83–1.1) |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Single | 1 | 1 | - | - | ||
| Married/In union | 0.87 | (0.83–0.92) | 0.79 | (0.74–0.85) | - | - |
| Widowed | 0.87 | (0.83–0.92) | 0.85 | (0.77–0.94) | - | - |
| Missing | 0.92 | (0.84–1.0) | 0.93 | (0.83–1.0) | - | - |
| Years of schooling | ||||||
| None/very low (≤3 years) | 1.1 | (0.99–1.2) | 1.1 | (0.93–1.2) | 1.2 | (0.99–1.6) |
| Primary school (4–8 years) | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Secondary school or higher (>8 years) | 0.87 | (0.83–0.93) | 0.85 | (0.79–0.92) | 0.89 | (0.82–0.97) |
| Missing | 1.0 | (0.95–1.1) | 1.0 | (0.93–1.1) | 1.0 | (0.92–1.1) |
| Calendar year of ART initiation | ||||||
| 2005 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| 2006 | 0.95 | (0.87–1.0) | 0.91 | (0.81–1.0) | 1.0 | (0.88–1.2) |
| 2007 | 0.71 | (0.65–0.78) | 0.66 | (0.59–0.74) | 0.79 | (0.69–0.90) |
| 2008 | 0.70 | (0.64–0.76) | 0.64 | (0.57–0.72) | 0.79 | (0.68–0.90) |
| First half 2009 | 0.69 | (0.62–0.76) | 0.64 | (0.56–0.74) | 0.74 | (0.63–0.87) |
| Program characteristics | ||||||
| Setting | ||||||
| Urban | - | - | - | - | 1 | |
| Rural | - | - | - | - | 0.73 | (0.54–0.99) |
| CD4 testing | ||||||
| On-site | 0.83 | (0.74–0.94) | 0.86 | (0.75–0.98) | 0.83 | (0.54–0.99) |
| Off-site | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | ||
| Availability PMTCT services | ||||||
| On-site | 0.85 | (0.77–0.93) | 0.81 | (0.72–0.91) | - | - |
| Off-site | 1 | 1 | - | - | ||
CI, confidence interval.
a
Includes only individuals with available data.
b
Includes referrals from other health facilities, youth centers, private clinics, laboratory, and emergency room.