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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: Med Care. 2012 Jun;50(6):501–507. doi: 10.1097/MLR.0b013e318245a0e0

Table 2.

Odds ratios showing association of chronic diseases, impairments with disability in 1998, 2004 and 2008. To demonstrate if the association has changed over time, multivariate models including all variables was used while introducing time-interaction term for each variable and accounting for repeated measures. P-value indicates the level of significance of the time-interaction term.

Year 1998 2004 2008 p-
value		 1998 2004 2008 p-
value		 1998 2004 2008 p-
value
Outcome Mobility Disability Disability in Complex Tasks Disability in Self Care Tasks
Comorbidities
 Hypertension
   (99% CI)
 Heart
   conditions
 Congestive
   heart failure
 Stroke

 Diabetes

 Cancer

 Chronic lung
   disease
 Arthritis
1.25
(1.10, 1.41)
1.64
(1.43, 1.89)
2.49
(1.71, 3.62)
2.62
(2.11, 3.24)
1.57
(1.33, 1.86)
1.23
(1.04, 1.46)
2.36
(1.94, 2.89)
2.18
(1.92, 2.48)
1.19
(1.05, 1.35)
1.63
(1.43, 1.87)
2.21
(1.57, 3.12)
2.24
(1.80, 2.78)
1.29
(1.10, 1.50)
1.19
(1.02, 1.39)
2.47
(2.04, 2.99)
2.21
(1.93, 2.53)
1.18
(1.03, 1.35)
1.56
(1.36, 1.79)
2.42
(1.75, 3.34)
2.28
(1.85, 2.82)
1.47
(1.27, 1.70)
1.12
(0.96, 1.31)
2.73
(2.26, 3.29)
2.22
(1.93, 2.55)
0.32

0.61

0.51

0.35

0.92

0.70

0.14

0.82
1.24
(1.06, 1.46)
1.28
(1.08, 1.52)
1.60
(1.14, 2.24)
3.03
(2.45, 3.74)
1.34
(1.10, 1.63)
1.09
(0.89, 1.35)
1.71
(1.37, 2.13)
1.52
(1.29, 1.80)
1.07
(0.90, 1.27)
1.15
(0.97, 1.36)
2.26
(1.65, 3.10)
2.72
(2.18, 3.38)
1.29
(1.07, 1.55)
1.17
(0.96, 1.42)
1.69
(1.36, 2.10)
1.45
(1.21, 1.74)
1.00
(0.83, 1.19)
1.42
(1.19, 1.69)
1.71
(1.27, 2.30)
2.58
(2.08, 3.19)
1.33
(1.11, 1.59)
1.11
(0.92, 1.34)
1.64
(1.33, 2.03)
1.40
(1.16, 1.68)
0.02

0.41

0.91

0.27

0.73

0.66

0.93

0.54
1.32
(1.13, 1.54)
1.24
(1.06, 1.46)
1.70
(1.23, 2.34)
2.60
(2.12, 3.18)
1.21
(1.01, 1.46)
1.10
(0.90, 1.35)
1.64
(1.33, 2.03)
2.36
(2.00, 2.80)
0.97
(0.82, 1.14)
1.20
(1.02, 1.42)
1.57
(1.15, 2.14)
2.51
(2.03, 3.11)
1.37
(1.15, 1.64)
1.19
(0.98, 1.43)
1.63
(1.32, 2.01)
2.04
(1.69, 2.46)
0.99
(0.83, 1.17)
1.29
(1.10, 1.52)
1.50
(1.12, 2.01)
2.42
(1.97, 2.98)
1.52
(1.29, 1.79)
1.02
(0.85, 1.23)
2.11
(1.73, 2.57)
2.29
(1.89, 2.77)
0.03

0.96

0.66

0.30

0.03

0.81

0.01

0.50
Impairments
 Cognitive
   Impairment
 Visual
   Impairment
 Hearing
   Impairment
2.45
(1.83, 3.29)
1.87
(1.62, 2.15)
1.40
(1.21, 1.62)
3.06
(2.22, 4.21)
1.86
(1.61, 2.14)
1.41
(1.23, 1.62)
2.93
(2.12, 4.05)
1.89
(1.64, 2.19)
1.34
(1.16, 1.55)
0.42

0.63

0.97
9.19
(6.92,12.22)
2.05
(1.74, 2.40)
1.53
(1.30, 1.81)
8.91
(6.56,12.09)
2.67
(2.27, 3.13)
1.59
(1.35, 1.87)
11.21
(8.15,15.41)
2.10
(1.78, 2.48)
1.60
(1.35, 1.90)
0.84

0.51

0.73
3.21
(2.47, 4.16)
2.07
(1.77, 2.41)
1.16
(0.98, 1.36)
3.60
(2.72, 4.77)
1.86
(1.58, 2.18)
1.37
(1.16, 1.61)
3.67
(2.75, 4.92)
1.71
(1.45, 2.01)
1.37
(1.17, 1.61)
0.27

0.14

0.13

Note: The analysis was adjusted for age, gender, race, education, marital status, smoking status and obesity.