Table 1.
Patient profiles—number 1.
| Number | Age at surgery (years) | Duration of seizure at surgery (years) | Drug resistant time (years) | Etiology | Seizure type | EEG (characteristic and dominant locations) | MRI | SPECT |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 5 | 3 | 2.2 | Hypoxic ischemic insult | Tonic + atonic + atypical absence + SPS | SSW + PFA, rt.sz (frontal + temporal + occipital) | Focal atrophy (rt. frontal) | |
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| 2 | 7 | 6 | 3 | Head injury (previous CT scan shows subarachnoid hemorrhage) | Tonic + myoclonic + GTCS + atypical absence | SSW + PFA, lt.sz (frontal + temporal + parietal + occipital) | Normal | Interictal hypoperfusion and ictal hyperperfusion (lt. temporal + occipital) |
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| 3 | 12 | 10 | 9 | Brain atrophy (determined by MRI) | Tonic + atonic + absence + SPS | SSW + PFA, lt.sz (frontal + temporal + parietal) | lt. hemisphere atrophy | Interictal hypoperfusion (lt. frontal + temporal) |
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| 4 | 6 | 2.9 | 1.8 | Cortical dysplasia | Tonic + GTCS + SPS | SSW + PFA, rt. Sz (temporal) | Focal cortical dysplasia (rt. temporal) | |
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| 5 | 7 | 2.8 | 2.6 | Head injury (previous CT scan shows mild brain contusion) | Tonic + myoclonic + GTCS | SSW + PFA, lt.sz. (frontal + temporal + parietal) | Normal | |
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| 6 | 9 | 4 | 2.5 | Hypoxic ischemic insult | Myoclonic + GTCS + atypical absence + CPS | SSW + PFA, rt.sz (frontal + temporal + occipital) | rt. hemisphere atrophy | Interictal hypoperfusion and ictal hyperperfusion (rt. frontal + occipital) |
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| 7 | 6 | 1.9 | 1.4 | Cortical dysplasia | Tonic + atypical absence + SPS | SSW + PFA, lt.sz (frontal) | Focal cortical dysplasia (lt. frontal) | |
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| 8 | 10 | 6 | 5 | Hypoxic ischemic insult | Tonic + atonic + atypical absence + CPS | SSW + PFA, rt.sz (frontal + temporal + parietal + occipital) | rt. hemisphere atrophy | Interictal hypoperfusion (rt. parietal + temporal) |
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| 9 | 9 | 6 | 6 | Vascular malformation | Tonic + CPS | SSW + PFA, lt.sz (parietal) | small vascular malformation (lt parietal) | Interictal normal |
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| 10 | 13 | 9 | 9 | Brain atrophy (determined by MRI) | Tonic + myoclonic + atypical absence + GTCS | SSW + PFA, rt.sz. (parietal + occipital) | focal atrophy (rt parietal) | Interictal hypoperfusion and ictal hyperperfusion (rt. occipital) |
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| 11 | 9 | 6 | 6 | Vascular malformation | Tonic + myoclonic + CPS | SSW + PFA, lt.sz. (frontal + temporal + parietal) | Vascular malformation (lt parietal) | Interictal hypoperfusion and ictal hyperperfusion (lt. temporal + parietal) |
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| 12 | 11 | 8 | 7 | Encephalitis | Tonic + atypical absence + GTCS + CPS | SSW + PFA, lt.sz. (parietal + occipital) | Normal | Interictal hypoperfusion and ictal hyperperfusion (lt. temporal) |
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| 13 | 8 | 4 | 3 | Brain atrophy (determined by MRI) | Tonic + myoclonic + atypical absence | SSW + PFA, lt.sz. (frontal + parietal + occipital) | lt. focal atrophy (lt frontal) | |
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| 14 | 13 | 7 | 4 | Tuberous sclerosis | Myoclonic + GTCS + atypical absence + SPS | SSW + PFA, It.sz (temporal + occipital) | Cortex tubers and subependymal nodules | Interictal hypoperfusion and ictal hyperperfusion (rt. frontal and lt occipital) |
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| 15 | 17 | 16 | 15 | Encephalitis | Tonic + atonic + GTCS + CPS | SSW + PFA, rt.sz (frontal + temporal + parietal) | Normal | Interictal hypoperfusion and ictal hyperperfusion (rt. frontal) |
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| 16 | 24 | 21 | 19 | Hypoxic ischemic insult | Tonic + myoclonic + GTCS + SPS | SSW + PFA, lt.sz (frontal temporal + parietal) | lt. focal atrophy and perforating ventricle malformation | Interictal hypoperfusion (lt. temporal), and no change in ictal SPECT |
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| 17 | 19 | 15 | 15 | Brain atrophy (determined by MRI) | Tonic + atypical absence + GTCS + CPS | SSW, rt.sz. (temporal + parietal) | rt. hemisphere atrophy and HS | Interictal hypoperfusion and ictal hyperperfusion (rt. temporal) |
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| 18 | 22 | 16 | 12 | Brain atrophy (determined by MRI) | Tonic + atypical absence + atonic + CPS | SSW + PFA, lt.sz. (frontal + temporal + parietal) | lt. HS and focal atrophy (temporal) | Interictal hypoperfusion (lt. frontal + temporal) |
Abbreviations: CPS: complex partial seizure; EEG: electroencephalogram; HS: hippocampal sclerosis; GTCS: generalized tonic-clonic seizures; LGS: Lennox-Gastaut syndrome; lt.: left; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging; PFA: paroxysmal fast activity; rt.: right; SPECT: single-photon emission computed tomography; SPS: simple partial seizure; SSW: slow spike-and-wave; sz.: seizure.