FIG. 2.

A modified concept of oxidative stress. As opposed to a simple disruption in the pro-oxidant and antioxidant balance, oxidative stress is better conceptualized as a disruption of redox signaling and control. In this view, oxidative stress is a dynamic process in constant flux, similar to a pendulum. These oxidative shifts are highly compartmentalized and are not necessarily in equilibrium between the extracellular space, the cytoplasm, and the organelles.