Figure 1. Gland analysis of the pheromones and pheromone precursors in the four heliothines.

Relative amounts of H. virescens (A), H. subflexa (B), H. armigera (C), and H. assulta (D) female pheromone gland compounds, i.e., the Z9–14, Z9–16, and Z11–16–acid precursors and their corresponding alcohol and aldehyde forms, the latter representing the active pheromone components. The aldehyde ratios of H. armigera are based on values from Wang et al. [21]. Lines represent the standard error of the means.