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. 2012 May 16;7(5):e37344. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037344

Figure 8. Crosstalks of GB biosynthesis, ROS-scavenging system and proline accumulation under stressful conditions.

Figure 8

The overexpression of SoBADH directly causes a higher accumulation of GB, in addition to the native GB production, and alters redox homeostasis, leading to more NAD(P)H production, which facilitates proline accumulation and ROS scavenging. GB improves PSII and prohibits ROS generation. Under stress conditions, GB promotes ROS scavenging by the systemic upregulation of ROS-scavenging gene expression, which eventually protects cellular functions and membrane integrity, hence leading to an improved physiological response to the stresses. APX, ascorbate peroxidase; BADH, betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase; CAT, catalase; DHAR, dehydroascorbate reductase; GPX, glutathione peroxidase; GR, glutathione reductase; MDHAR, monodehydroascorbate reductase; POD, peroxidase; PSII, photosystem II; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SOD, superoxide dismutase.