Pathological Narcissism | |
Grandiosity | Strongly motivated to self-enhance in most contexts. Tendency to repress negative aspects of self, feel entitled, have an inflated self- image, engage in fantasies of superiority, and to be interpersonally exploitative, exhibitionistic, and to lack empathy |
Vulnerability | Fragile self and affect regulatory capacities. Tendency to experience shame or rage when narcissistic needs are disappointed, to be sensitive to perceived threats to self-esteem, to avoid showing others faults or concerns, and to shy away from relationships for fear of not receiving desired admiration and recognition |
Personality | |
Neuroticism | Tendency to experience negative emotions such as sadness, anxiety, and anger |
Extraversion | Tendency to experience positive emotions such as happiness and to seek relationships, be gregarious |
Openness | Tendency to value new and different experiences and to be tolerant of others’ values and world views |
Agreeableness | Tendency to be interested in getting along with others, willing to defer personal agendas for the sake of smoother relationships |
Conscientiousness | Tendency to be organized, dutiful, careful and achievement-striving |
Psychopathology/Functioning | |
Somatic Complaints | Focus on physical health related issues |
Anxiety | Experience of generalized anxiety across different response modalities |
Anxiety Related Disorders |
Symptoms and behaviors related to OCD, phobias, and PTSD |
Depression | Experience of depression across different response modalities |
Mania | Experience of behavioral, affective, and cognitive symptoms of mania and hypomania |
Paranoia | Experience of paranoid symptoms and traits |
Schizophrenia | Symptoms relevant to the broad spectrum of schizophrenic disorders |
Borderline Features | Attributes indicative of borderline levels of personality functioning |
Antisocial Features | Focuses on behavioral and personological features of antisocial personality |
Alcohol Problems | Use of and problems with alcohol |
Drug Problems | Use of and problems with drugs |
Aggression | Characteristics and attitudes related to anger, assertiveness, and hostility |
Suicidal Ideation | Frequency and intensity of thoughts of self-harm or fantasies about suicide |
Treatment Rejection | Attitudes that represent obstacles or indicate low motivation for treatment |
Personality Pathology | |
Negative Temperament | High scorers are prone to negative emotional experiences. They are moody and feel chronically nervous and stressed. They are easily annoyed or irritated, and with little provocation may feel even stronger emotions, such as anxiety or anger. They worry a great deal and have difficulty concentrating and sleeping as a result. Low scorers are not at all nervous or anxious. They take life’s difficulties in stride and remain calm in most situations. They are no easily upset and recover quickly from negative experiences. |
Mistrust | High scorers are suspicious and mistrustful of others, and are generally cynical about interpersonal relationships. They feel that have often been betrayed or disappointed by those close to them, and that other take unfair advantage of them. They are self-protective and believe it is best to keep others from getting to know them too well. Low scorers are trustful, even naïve, about interpersonal relationships. They feel stable and secure in their friendships, and do not feel the need to hide their feelings from others. They feel they are treated fairly and honestly by others. |
Manipulativeness | High scorers admin not only to manipulating others, but also to enjoying the many ways – both direct and indirect- that they take advantage of others’ weaknesses. They have little regard for the rights and feelings of others, and will bend the rules as they can get away with it. They consider themselves quite clever and skillful in pulling of their various con games. Low scorers do enjoy trying to beat the system. They respect the propriety of others and would not hurt others to get what they want. They do not try to avoid work or to bend the truth to their advantage. They view those who do so as lazy. |
Aggression | High scorers are easily angered have difficulty controlling their anger. They frequently get into quarrels and admit that their violent temper often gets them into trouble. They enjoy physical fights and are readily provoked by perceived insults. They hold grudges and seek revenge when they feel wronged. Low scorers do not readily become angry and easily control their temper when they do. They do not enjoy fighting and would go out of their way to avoid a fight. When insulted, they prefer to forgive and forget. |
Self-harm | High scorers have very low self-esteem – they feel they have made a mess of their lives and do not like themselves. They deal with tension or frustration by hurting themselves. They often feel that suicide is the only way out of their troubles and may have tried to commit suicide. Low scorers are satisfied with the way they are handling their lives. They like themselves, are not self-abusers, and do not seriously consider suicide as a solution to their problems. |
Eccentric Perceptions | High scorers have depersonalization or derealization experiences. They feel that they have ESP or other special abilities such as clairvoyance. They claim to have unusual experiences, such as out- of-body episodes, or synesthetic experiences (e.g., sensing odors as colors). Low scorers do not admit to either depersonalization or derealization experiences. They do not feel they have any “special” abilities or that their way of viewing the world is at all unusual. They deny odd perceptual experiences. |
Dependency | High scorers depend on others for direction and approval. They do not like to make decisions and prefer to have others choose for them, even in important matters. They do not have confidence in their decisions, have difficulty making up their minds, and base their decisions on what others think. They are concerned with please others and frequently check with others for approval. Low scorers are self-reliant. They enjoy handling their own problems and making their own decisions. They are confident in their choices and decide things easily. |
Positive Temperament | High scorers enjoy their active and exciting lives. They have a good deal of energy, work hard, and undertake projects with enthusiasm. They are lively and cheerful, alert and interested in many things, and optimistic about the future. Low scorers do not find their lives interesting or exciting. They are easily fatigued, rarely feel enthusiastic or inspired, have few interests, and are not excited by the thought of starting something new. |
Exhibitionism | High scorers love the limelight. They like to perform and do so whenever they have the chance. They like being the center of attention, and the life of the party. They dress so that people will notice them, and especially to attract sexual attention; they enjoy flirting. Low scorers do not enjoy being the focus of attention. They prefer not to be noticed and they dress and act accordingly. They avoid public performance of any sort and do not attempt to attract sexual attention. |
Entitlement | High scorers view themselves as very special and extraordinary people. They feel they are knowledgeable and talented, and have many admirable and enviable qualities. They believe they deserve special recognition and privileges beyond what they are currently getting. Low scorers are self-effacing and humble. They do not feel they are special, unusually talented, or particularly admirable. They do not believe they deserve special privileges or recognition. |
Detachment | High scorers are loners. They are aloof and distant from others and have few friends. They keep to themselves even when around others and prefer to spend their time alone. They do not have warm feelings toward others and claim not to experience many strong emotions at all. Low scorers are “people people.” They go out of their way to meet people and enjoy the feeling of being with friends. They view themselves as warm and open with others. |
Disinhibition | High scorers act spontaneously with little regard for the consequences of their behavior for themselves or others. They pursue stimulating experiences without regard to social or legal norms or to potential risks. They are disorganized and often fail to honor their commitments to others. Low scorers are not impulsive, nor do they manipulate others for their own ends. They hold conventional, conservative views regarding social, legal, ethical, and moral issues. They are serious people who believe in doing things in proper order and in following rules of all kinds. |
Impulsivity | High scorers are reckless individuals who prefer to do the first thing that comes to mind rather than stop and think things over. They live moment-to-moment and day-to-day, without plans for the immediate or long-term future. They like to take changes and to spend their money and their time on impulse. Low scorers are cautious individuals who life a safe, quiet life. They prefer a level-headed, “sensible” approach to things, in which decisions are thought through and everything is planned out slowly and carefully. They keep track of their money, rationally plan their daily activities, and prepare for their future. |
Propriety | High scorers are greatly concerned with proper standards of conduct, Workaholismnot just for themselves, but for the community at large. They value Workaholismtheir reputation highly and place appearances over personal comfort or convenience. They emphasize the importance of following social Workaholismconventions to the letter and are offended when others violate the rules. Low scorers are not concerned with social standards. They are comfortable with rude or boorish behavior and do not care about protecting their reputation. They are not strict about “right” and “wrong,” and place little importance on social rules or conventions. |
Workaholism | High scorers enjoy work more than play. They place work above all else, and neglect their friends and family to do so. They are perfectionists who feel they must finish everything they start and do not consider a job finished until it is perfect. They drive themselves hard, continuing to work on a problem even when exhausted, long after others have given up. Low scorers do not enjoy hard work. They never get so caught up in their work that they neglect other aspects of their lives, and they find time to have fun no matter how busy they are. They do not push themselves and even enjoy being lazy. They do not feel the need to finish everything they start and will give up on a project when they are tired. |