Table 7.

Water loss during transient inflammatory episodes

Local loss of water from inflamed tissue

Loss from wounds by evaporation

Loss from inflamed tissue into the gastrointestinal tract (diarrhea, vomiting)

Loss into inflamed upper and lower airways (rhinitis, perspiration, expectoration)

Third-space fluid shifts into pleural cavity, peritoneal cavity, and similar

Systemic loss of water

By perspiration during fever

By sweating during fever

By triglyceride and glycogen breakdown from fat tissue and liver

By gluconeogenesis from lactate (Cori cycle between liver and inflamed tissue)

By muscle breakdown in the context of cachexia

By complete amino acid breakdown in the urea cycle in the liver

By cell proliferation (leukocyte proliferation in lymphoid tissue)