Figure 1.

Signal exchanges between host plant and microbes. In legume nodulation and pathogenesis, respectively, Nod factors and PAMPs/effectors are secreted by the microbes in response to isoflavonoids and defense molecules secreted by the host plant. In arbuscular mycorrhization, the fungi secrete Myc factors, while the plant secretes strigolactones, causing hyphal branching of the fungus. Perception of microbial signals results in plant protein abundance and PTM changes, which can be detected using the proteomic techniques discussed herein.