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. 2011 Dec 29;2:107. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2011.00107

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Copyright © 2011 Tanaka.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License, which permits non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in other forums, provided the original authors and source are credited.

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Proposed regulatory mechanism of ecdysteroidogenesis by the prothoracic gland in the larva of Bombyx mori. During the feeding stage, BRFa and orcokinin are delivered through the innervating neurons to maintain low levels of ecdysteroid in collaboration with circulating BMS. Next, PTTH and DH are released to stimulate ecdysteroidogenesis after the release of inhibition by BRFa and BMS. PTSP is secreted from the epiproctodeal gland after the ecdysteroid level reaches a peak in order to decrease ecdysteroid levels rapidly. Br, brain; PTG, prothoracic ganglia; PG, prothoracic gland; EPG, epiproctodeal gland; Orc, orcokinin. Solid ovals indicate tropic factors and dotted ovals indicate static factors.