Table 2.

Associations between the risk of hip fractures and vision risk factors. (N=4,583)

Vision Risk Factors*	Number of women who had incident hip fractures out of the number of subjects in the study population (%)	Crude Incidence 95% CI (per 1000 person years)	Model adjusted for age, race, study site, and cognitive function HR; 95% CI P-value	Fully-adjusted model† HR; 95% CI P-value
Binocular VF loss: None (0)	115/1,720 (7%)	7.7 (6.4 – 9.3)	1.00; referent -	1.00; referent -
Mild (1-9)	205/1,938 (11%)	13.2 (11.5 – 15.1)	1.49; (1.18-1.88) 0.0008	1.40; (1.11-1.78) 0.006
Moderate (10- 19)	43/455 (9%)	12.8 (9.5 – 17.3)	1.25; (0.87-1.80) 0.23	1.11; (0.77-1.62) 0.57
Severe (20+)	61/470 (13%)	18.4 (14.3 – 23.7)	1.66; (1.19-2.32) 0.003	1.37; (0.97-1.95) 0.08
P-value for trend			0.052	0.44
VA: 20/40 or better	306/3,481 (9%)	10.6 (9.5 – 11.9)	1.00; referent -	1.00; referent -
Worse than 20/40	116/1,098 (11%)	14.1 (11.8 – 16.9)	1.12; (0.90-1.41) 0.31	1.01; (0.80-1.27) 0.96
CS: ≥25 CS score	254/2,868 (9%)	10.6 (9.4 – 12.0)	1.00; referent -	1.00; referent -
<25 CS score	165/1,698 (10%)	12.7 (10.9 – 14.8)	1.11; (0.90-1.36) 0.34	1.09; (0.88-1.35) 0.42

HR = Hazards ratio, CI = Confidence interval, VF = Visual field, VA = Visual acuity, CS = Contrast sensitivity.

^*Each vision risk factor was examined in a separate model.

^†Adjusted for age, race (black vs. white), study sites (four sites), cognitive function (MMSE), current smoker (yes vs. no), alcohol use (yes vs. no), self-reported health status (good/excellent vs. poor/fair), self-reported diabetes (yes vs. no), self-reported hyperthyroidism (yes vs. no), self-reported osteoporosis (yes vs. no), depression (yes vs. no), current use of anticonvulsant drugs (yes vs. no), current use of long-acting benzodiazepines (yes vs. no), body mass index, walking speed, average grip strength, use arms to stand up (yes vs. no), at least one fall in last year (yes vs. no), history of any fractures (yes vs. no).