Table 2.

In vivo studies and neuroprotection in female rodents: studies showing no protection of DA markers.

Steroid	Toxin	Species	Assay	References
ESTROGENS
17 β-estradiol
0.5 or 2 mg/kg 30 min before and 90 min after MPTP	MPTP	Intact mice	DA, DOPAC (with 0.5 mg/kg), and HVA concentrations	Ookubo et al. (2008)
			DAT protein levels (with 0.5 mg/kg)
50 μg/kg for 19 days	MPTP	OVX mice	TH mRNA levels	Liu et al. (2004)
Pellet (0.1 mg, 21-day release) for 7 days (7 days after MA)	MA	OVX mice	DA concentrations	Gao and Dluzen (2001b)
Estradiol benzoate
10 μg, 1 injection 0.25, 0.5, 1, or 2 h after MA	MA	OVX mice	DA concentrations, DOPAC/DA ratio	Gajjar et al. (2003)
10 μg, 1 injection at 1 week post-MA	MA	OVX mice	DA and DOPAC concentrations	Liu and Dluzen (2006)
0.46 μg for 3 days	MA	OVX mice (4 weeks)	DA and DOPAC concentrations	Yu et al. (2002)
17 α-estradiol
Pellet (0.1 mg, 21-day release) for 14 days	MPTP	OVX mice	DA concentrations	Dluzen et al. (2001b)
PROGESTERONE
0.47 μg for 3 days	MA	OVX mice	DA and DOPAC concentrations	Yu et al. (2002)
ANDROGENS
Testosterone
10 μg, 1 injection	MPP+	Intact rats	DA concentrations	Tomas-Camardiel et al. (2002)
			TH immunoreactivity
Pellet (5 mg, 21-day release) for 14 days	MA	Intact and OVX mice	DA concentrations	Gao and Dluzen (2001a), Dluzen et al. (2002)
0.005–50 μg (1 injection), 24 h before MA	MA	Intact and OVX mice	DA concentrations	Lewis and Dluzen (2008)

DOPAC, 3,4-dihydrophenylacetic acid; HVA, homovanillic acid; OVX, ovariectomized; TH, tyrosine hydroxylase.