Table 3.
In vivo studies and neuroprotection in male rodents: studies showing protection of DA markers.
| Steroid | Toxin | Species | Assay | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ESTROGENS | ||||
| 17 β-estradiol | ||||
| 1 μg B.I.D. for 10 days | MPTP | Intact mice | DA, DOPAC, and HVA concentrations DAT and VMAT2 specific binding DAT, VMAT2, and TH mRNA levels | Callier et al. (2000,2001), Grandbois et al. (2000), Ekue et al. (2002), D’Astous et al. (2003, 2004b, 2005b, 2006), Morissette et al. (2007), Al-Sweidi et al. (2011) |
| 2 μg B.I.D. for 10 days | MPTP | Intact mice | DA, DOPAC, and HVA concentrations | Jourdain et al. (2005) |
| DAT and VMAT2 specific binding | ||||
| DAT, VMAT2, and TH mRNA levels | ||||
| 1 μg B.I.D. 1, 3, or 5 days before MPTP and 5 days after | MPTP | Intact mice | DA, DOPAC, and HVA concentrations | Morissette et al. (2008) |
| 1 μg B.I.D. for 11 days | MPTP | Intact mice | TH immunoreactivity | Tripanichkul et al. (2006, 2010) |
| 1 μg B.I.D. for 11 days | MPTP | Intact mice | DA concentrations | Ramirez et al. (2003) |
| 1 μg B.I.D. for 5 days and until 2, 4, or 6 days after MPTP | MPTP | Intact mice | DA concentrations | Ramirez et al. (2003) |
| 0.5 or 2 mg/kg 30 min before and 90 min after MPTP | MPTP | Intact mice | DOPAC concentrations | Ookubo et al. (2008) |
| DAT (with 2 mg/kg) and TH protein levels | ||||
| Pellet (0.1 mg, 60-day release) for 15 days | MPTP | GDX mice | DA concentrations | Dluzen et al. (1996) |
| 100 μg daily for 9 or 16 days | MPTP | GDX mice | TH immunoreactivity | Shughrue (2004) |
| Estrone | ||||
| 2 μg B.I.D. for 10 days | MPTP | Intact mice | DAT specific binding | Jourdain et al. (2005) |
| VMAT2 mRNA levels | ||||
| PROGESTERONE | ||||
| 1 μg B.I.D. for 10 days | MPTP | Intact mice | DA and HVA concentrations | Grandbois et al. (2000), Callier et al. (2001), Morissette et al. (2008) |
| DAT specific binding | ||||
| 0.47 μg for 3 days | MA | Intact mice | DA and DOPAC concentrations | Yu et al. (2002) |
| 17 β-estradiol + progesterone | ||||
| 1 μg B.I.D. of both 17β-estradiol and progesterone for 10 days | MPTP | Intact mice | DA concentrations | Morissette et al. (2008) |
B.I.D., twice a day; DOPAC, 3,4-dihydrophenylacetic acid; HVA, homovanillic acid; GDX, gonadectomized; TH, tyrosine hydroxylase.