Table 4.
In vivo studies and neuroprotection in male rodents: studies showing no protection of DA markers.
| Steroid | Toxin | Species | Assay | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ESTROGENS | ||||
| 17 β-estradiol | ||||
| 1 μg B.I.D. for 10 days | MPTP | Intact mice | DAT specific binding (extensive lesion) | Callier et al. (2000) |
| 12 μg 0.75, 2, or 24 h before MPTP | MPTP | Intact mice | DA concentrations | Ramirez et al. (2003) |
| 0.1, 0.32, or 3.2 μg B.I.D. for 11 days | MPTP | Intact mice | DA concentrations | Ramirez et al. (2003) |
| 0.05 or 0.2 mg/kg B.I.D. for 10 days | MPTP | Intact mice | DA, DOPAC, and HVA concentrations | Ookubo et al. (2008) |
| 0.5 or 2 mg/kg 30 min before and 90 min after MPTP | MPTP | Intact mice | DA and HVA concentrations | Ookubo et al. (2008) |
| DAT protein levels (with 0.5 mg/kg) | ||||
| Pellet (0.1 mg, 21-day release) for 14 days | MA | GDX mice | DA concentrations | Dluzen et al. (2001a, 2002), Gao and Dluzen (2001a,b) |
| Pellet (0.1 mg, 21-day release) for 7 days (7 days after MA) | MA | GDX mice | DA concentrations | Gao and Dluzen (2001b) |
| Estradiol benzoate | ||||
| 0.47 μg for 3 days | MA | GDX mice | DA and DOPAC concentrations | Yu et al. (2002) |
| 10 μg, 1 injection at 1 week post-MA | MA | GDX mice | DA concentrations | Liu and Dluzen (2006) |
| 17 α-estradiol | ||||
| 1 μg B.I.D. for 10 days | MPTP | Intact mice | DA, DOPAC, and HVA concentrations | Callier et al. (2000, 2001), Grandbois et al. (2000), D’Astous et al. (2005b) |
| DAT specific binding and mRNA levels | ||||
| 0.1, 0.3, 1, or 3.2 μg B.I.D. for 11 days | MPTP | Intact mice | DA concentrations | Ramirez et al. (2003) |
| 12 μg 0.75, 2, or 24 h before MPTP | MPTP | Intact mice | DA concentrations | Ramirez et al. (2003) |
| Estriol | ||||
| 2 μg B.I.D. for 10 days | MPTP | Intact mice | DA, DOPAC, and HVA concentrations | Jourdain et al. (2005) |
| DAT and VMAT2 specific binding | ||||
| DAT, VMAT2, and TH mRNA levels | ||||
| Estrone | ||||
| 2 μg B.I.D. for 10 days | MPTP | Intact mice | DA, DOPAC, and HVA concentrations | Jourdain et al. (2005) |
| VMAT2 specific binding | ||||
| DAT and TH mRNA levels | ||||
| 0.05 or 0.2 mg/kg B.I.D. for 10 days | MPTP | Intact mice | DA, DOPAC, and HVA concentrations | Ookubo et al. (2008) |
| 0.5 or 2 mg/kg 30 min before and 90 min after MPTP | MPTP | Intact mice | DA, DOPAC, and HVA concentrations | Ookubo et al. (2008) |
| DAT and TH protein levels | ||||
| PROGESTERONE | ||||
| 0.47 μg for 3 days | MA | OVX mice | DA and DOPAC concentrations | Yu et al. (2002) |
| ANDROGENS | ||||
| Testosterone | ||||
| 10 μg, 1 injection | MPP+ | Intact rats | DA concentrations | Tomas-Camardiel et al. (2002) |
| TH immunoreactivity | ||||
| Pellet (5 mg, 21-day release) for 14 days | MA | Intact and OVX mice | DA concentrations | Gao and Dluzen (2001a), Dluzen et al. (2002) |
| 0.005–50 μg (1 injection), 24 h before MA | MA | Intact and OVX mice | DA concentrations | Lewis and Dluzen (2008) |
| PROGESTERONE | ||||
| 1 μg B.I.D. for 10 days | MPTP | Intact mice | DOPAC concentrations DAT mRNA levels | Grandbois et al. (2000), Callier et al. (2001) |
| 0.47 μg for 3 days | MA | GDX mice (4 weeks) | DA concentrations | Yu et al. (2002) |
| ANDROGENS | ||||
| Testosterone | ||||
| 50 μg testosterone B.I.D. for 10 days | MPTP | Intact mice | DA, DOPAC, and HVA concentrations | Ekue et al. (2002) |
| DAT and VMAT2 specific binding | ||||
| DAT mRNA levels | ||||
| Pellet (0.1 mg, 21-day release) for 17 days | MPTP | GDX mice | DA and DOPAC concentrations | Dluzen (1996) |
| Pellet (5 mg, 21-day release) for 14 days | MA | Intact and GDX mice | DA concentrations | Gao and Dluzen (2001a), Dluzen et al. (2002) |
| 0.005–50 μg (1 injection), 24 h before MA | MA | Intact and GDX mice | DA concentrations | Lewis and Dluzen (2008) |
| Dihydrotestosterone | ||||
| 1 or 50 μg B.I.D. for 10 days | MPTP | Intact mice | DA, DOPAC, and HVA concentrations | Ekue et al. (2002) |
| DAT and VMAT2 specific binding | ||||
| DAT mRNA levels | ||||
B.I.D., twice a day; DOPAC, 3,4-dihydrophenylacetic acid; HVA, homovanillic acid; GDX, gonadectomized; TH, tyrosine hydroxylase.